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Crowning Glories: Languages of Hair in Later Prehistoric Europe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2014

Miranda Aldhouse-Green
Miranda Aldhouse-Green
Affiliation:
School of Humanities, University of Wales, Newport, Caerleon Campus, Newport NP18 3YG
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Abstract

In most societies, the presentation of human hair makes statements about projections of self, belonging, and difference. Drawing upon analogies from living traditions where hair makes an important contribution to symbolic grammars of personhood, this paper seeks to explore the evidence for symbolism associated with head and body hair in later European prehistory. This evidence is wide ranging, and includes the (exceptional) survival of hair in the archaeological record, iconography, and the equipment used for the management of hair. Questions are raised as to the manner in which hair may have been employed in visual languages, not only those associated with self-identity, but also in the presentation of ‘others’, whether social outcasts, sacrificial victims, shamed prisoners or special people, such as priests, shamans, or heroes. Issues of relationships between hair and gender are addressed, particularly with reference to iconography. The final part of the paper is concerned with the socio-political connotations associated with personal grooming and, in particular, the significance of adopting new, Roman, ways of managing hair in late Iron Age Britain.

Résumé

Dans la plupart des sociétés, la présentation des cheveux humains constitue une affirmation sur la projection de soi, l'appartenance, et la différence. Faisant appel à des analogies avec des traditions vivantes dans lesquelles la chevelure apporte une importante contribution aux grammaires symboliques de la personnalité, cette étude cherche à explorer les témoignages d'un symbolisme associé à la chevelure et aux poils à la fin de la préhistoire européenne. Ces témoignages sont vastes, et comprennent des vestiges (exceptionnels) de cheveux dans les archives archéologiques, l'iconographie et l'équipement utilisé pour les soins aux cheveux. On soulève certaines questions quant à la manière dont il se pourrait que les cheveux aient été employés dans les langages visuels, non seulement ceux associés à sa propre identité, mais également dans la présentation des ‘autres’ que ce soient des exclus de la société, des victimes de sacrifices, des prisonniers humiliés, ou des personnes spéciales, telles que des prêtres, des shamans ou des héros. On examine la question des relations entre cheveux et sexe, particulièrement en se référant à l'iconographie. La dernière partie de l'étude se concentre autour des connotations socio-politiques associées aux soins à la personne et en particulier la signification de l'adoption de nouvelles façons, romaines, de se coiffer à la fin de l'âge du fer en Grande-Bretagne

Zusammenfassung

In den meisten Gesellschaften sagt die Darstellung menschlichen Haars viel über die Projektionen von Selbstverständnis, Eigentum und Verschiedenheit aus. In Analogie zu noch lebendigem Brauchtum, in dem das Haar einen wichtigen Beitrag zur symbolischen Grammatik des Menschseins bildet, untersucht dieser Artikel Nachweise für einen Symbolismus, der mit dem Kopf und dem Körperhaar in der späteren europäischen Vorgeschichte assoziiert ist. Die Nachweise sind umfassend und schließen die (außergewöhnliche) Erhaltung von Haaren im archäologischen Befund, die Ikonographie sowie Utensilien zur Haarpflege mit ein. Es wird untersucht, wie die Haare in visuellen Sprachen benutzt worden sind; dabei geht es nicht nur um die Darstellung der eigenen Identität sondern auch um die Präsentation des, Anderen', ob es sich hierbei um sozial Ausgestoßene, Opfer, Gefangene oder besondere Personen, wie z.B. Priester, Schamanen oder Helden handelt. Es werden auch Fragen zum Verhältnis von Haar und Geschlecht betrachtet, besonders in Bezug zur Ikonographie. Der abschließende Teil des Beitrags beschäftigt sichmit den sozio-politischen Konnotationen, die mit persönlicher Pflege assoziiert sind, und besonders auch mit der Bedeutung neuer, römischer Haartrachten in der späten Eisenzeit Großbritanniens.

Résumen

En la mayoría de las sociedades, la presentación del cabello humano hace una declaración sobre proyecciones de uno mismo, pertenencia, y diferencia. Basándose en analogías procedentes de tradiciones vivas donde el cabello contribuye de modo importante a las gramáticas simbólicas de la personalidad, este estudio explora la evidencia de simbolismo asociado con el pelo de la cabeza y del cuerpo en la prehistoria tardía de Europa. La evidencia es extensa e incluye la conservación (excepcional) de pelo en el registro arqueológico, en la iconografía y equipo utilizado para manejar el cabello. El trabajo despierta preguntas acerca del modo en el que el pelo pudo ser empleado en lenguages visuales, no solamente aquellos asociados con la identidad personal sino también en la presentación de “otros”, ya fueran marginados sociales, víctimas sacrificiales, prisioneros deshonrados o gente especial como sacerdotes, shamanes, o héroes. El trabajo trata el tema de la relación entre pelo y género, particularmente con referencia a la iconografía. La parte final del trabajo se ocupa de las connotaciones socio-políticas asociadas con el arreglo personal y, en particular, la importancia de la adopción de nuevos modos, romanos, de arreglarse el pelo en la tarda Edad del Hierro en Britania.

Type
Research Article
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 70 , 2004 , pp. 299 - 325
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 2004

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