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Beaker Settlement and Environment on the Chalk Downs of Southern England

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2014

Michael J. Allen
Michael J. Allen
Affiliation:
Wessex Archaeology, Portway House, Old Sarum Park, Salisbury SP4 6EB. [email protected]
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Abstract

This paper is dedicated to John Evans, environmental archaeologist extraordinaire, who died 14 June 2005, while this paper was in press. He continually reminded us that environmental data should address questions of people and landscape and be relevant to the understanding of Prehistory by our archaeological colleagues.

The Beaker period in north-west Europe is abound with objects, burials, and monuments, but evidence of settlement and domestic life is often absent or less easily found, and England is no exception. Despite the thousands of barrows with rich artefacts assemblages (eg, Amesbury Archer) and the numerous pits with non-domestic assemblages of placed items, evidence for houses and settlement are sparse despite the indication of increased agriculture and sedentism. This paper explores this problem on the chalklands of southern England that are rich in Beaker finds, and which are generally recognised as one of the best studied and well understood landscapes in Europe. From this study it is suggested that Beaker domestic sites are present, but are often in low lying positions on the chalk downs and have subsequently been buried by variable depths of hillwash, making them invisible to normal archaeological survey and reconnaissance.

Résumé

Les objets, inhumations et monuments relatifs à la période des campaniformes abondent dans l'Europe du nord-ouest, mais les témoignages d'occupation et de vie domestique font sont souvent absents ou sont moins faciles à découvrir. L'Angleterre ne fait pas exception. Malgré les milliers de tertres contenant de riches assemblages d'objets façonnés (comme par exemple, l'Archer d'Amesbury) et les nombreuses fosses contenant des assemblages d'objets déposés non domestiques, les témoignages de l'existence de maisons et d'occupations sont peu rares malgré l'indication d'une agriculture et d'une sédentarité en progression. Cette étude explore ce problème dans les terres calcaires de l'Angleterre du sud qui sont riches en trouvailles des campaniformes, et qu'on reconnait généralement comme étant l'un des paysages les plus étudiés et les mieux compris d'Europe. A partir de cette étude nous suggérons que les sites domestiques des campaniformes sont bien présents mais se trouvent souvent sur des emplacements situés en bas des plateaux calcaires et ont par conséquent été enterrés sous des épaisseurs variables de d'apports d'érosion, ce qui les rend invisibles à toute prospection ou reconnaissance archéologique normale.

Zusammenfassung

In der Glockenbecherzeit in Nordwest Europas sind Gegenstände, Gräber und Monumente im Überfluss vorhanden, jedoch fehlen meistens Siedlungs- und Hausbefunde oder lassen sich zumindest schwieriger nachweisen; England bildet hier keine Ausnahme. Trotz tausender Gräber mit reichen Artefaktinventaren (z.B. der ‘Amesbury Archer’) und zahlreicher Gruben mit nicht zum Haus gehörenden Inventaren niedergelegter Objekte, gibt es trotz Indikatoren eines gesteigerten Ackerbaus und Sesshaftigkeit nur wenige Haus- und Siedlungsbefunde. Dieser Artikel erforscht dieses Problem in den Kreidegebieten Südenglands, die zum einen reich an Glockenbecherfunden sind und zum anderen generell als eine der am besten untersuchten und verstandenen Landschaften Europas gelten. Auf der Grundlage dieser Untersuchung wird darauf hingewiesen, dass es durchaus Siedlungsfundstellen gibt, die jedoch oft in den flachen Bereichen des Kreidetieflands liegen, und damit mit Erosionsschichten unterschiedlicher Mächtigkeit überdeckt und dadurch normale archäologisches Surveys und Prospektionen nicht sichtbar sind.

Résumen

El periodo Campaniforme en el noroeste de Europa es rico en objetos, enterramientos, y monumentos, mientras que a menudo falta, ó es más difícil de encontrar, la evidencia de asentamientos y de vida doméstica. Inglaterra no es una excepción. A pesar de los miles de túmulos con ricas asociaciones de artefactos (por ejemplo ‘Amesbury Archer’) y de los numerosos fosos con asociaciones de tipo no doméstico de objetos depositados, la evidencia de casas y asentamientos es poco frecuente, incluso a pesar de los indicios de una mayor actividad agrícola y sedentaria. Este trabajo explora este problema en el terreno de las colinas de creta del sur de Inglaterra, ricas en hallazgos de estilo campaniforme, y que es generalmente reconocido como uno de los paisajes más estudiados y mejor entendidos en Europa. De este estudio se desprende que los asentamientos domésticos campaniformes existen, aunque a menudo en posiciones de fondo de valle en los Chalk Downs, y que por lo tanto han sido enterrados por capas de aluvión de distintos grosores, lo que los hace invisibles a las prospecciones y reconocimientos arqueológicos habituales.

Type
Research Article
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 71 , 2005 , pp. 219 - 245
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 2005

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References

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