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Argonauts of the North Sea - a Social Maritime Archaeology for the 2nd Millennium BC

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2014

Robert Van de Noort
Robert Van de Noort
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, School of Geography, Archaeology & Earth Resources, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK, [email protected]
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Abstract

This paper aims to offer a new analysis of the social dimensions of seafaring in the 2nd millennium BC and a consideration of the role of seafaring in (re)creating the social order at the time through its economic, sociopolitical and ritual significance. It revisits the sewn-plank boats from Ferriby, Kilnsea, Dover, Calidcot, Testwood Lakes, Goldcliff and Brigg, and aspects of the way in which seafarers signified themselves and their world through their imagined relationship with the environment are illuminated. The study argues that in the Early Bronze Age, sewn-plank boats were used for directional, long-distance journeys, aimed at the ‘cosmological acquisition’ of exotic goods, and the contexts of these boats link the overseas journeys to the ancestors. In the Middle and Late Bronze Age, sewn-plank boats were used for down-the-line exchange, and fragments of sewn-plank boats were included in structured deposits, within or near river crossings, reflecting the idioms of transformation and regeneration which are well established for this period. Through the reconstruction of the boats' crews, it is suggested that the development of a retinue was a prerequisite for the successful completion of the long-distance journeys, and the social identities that were cultivated during these voyages are recognised as a potentially important element in the rise of elite groups in the Early Bronze Age.

Résumé

Le but de cette étude est d'offrir une nouvelle analyse des dimensions sociales des voyages par mer au deuxième millénaire av.J.-C. et un examen du rôle du transport maritime dans la (re-)création de l'ordre social de l'époque à travers sa signification économique, socio-politique et rituelle. Elle revisite les bateaux à planches cousues de Ferriby, Kilnsea, Dover, Caldicot, Testwood Lakes, Goldcliff et Brigg, et met en lumière certains des aspects de la manière dont les marins se représentaient eux-mêmes, et leur monde à travers leur relation imaginaire avec leur environnement. L'étude argumente qu'au début de l'âge du bronze, les bateaux à planches cousues étaient utilisés pour des voyages dans une direction précise, sur une longue distance, qui avaient pour but l'acquisition cosmologique de produits exotiques, et les contextes de ces bateaux relient les voyages par mer aux ancêtres. A l'âge du bronze moyen et final les bateaux à planches cousues étaient utilisés pour des échanges en aval, et des fragments de tels bateaux se trouvaient inclus dans des dépôts structurés, à l'intérieur ou près de ponts sur la rivière, reflétant les idiomes de transformation et regénération qui sont bien établis pour cette période. En recréant les équipages de ces bateaux ,on suggère que le développement d'une suite était une condition préalable pour qu'en fin de compte ces voyages au long cours réussissent, on reconnaît que les identités sociales qui se cultivaient pendant ces voyages étaient un élément potentiellement important dans l'apparition de groupes d'élite à l'âge du bronze primitif.

Zusammenfassung

Das Ziel dieses Artikels ist es eine neue Analyse der sozialen Dimensionen der Seefahrt im zweiten Jahrtausend BC durchzuführen. Dabei wird die Funktion der Seefahrt für die (Wieder) Herstellung der sozialen Ordnung in dieser Zeit untersucht, die sie durch ihre wirtschaftliche, sozio-politische und rituelle Bedeutung besaß. Dabei werden die Plankenboote von Ferriby, Kilnsea, Dover, Calidcot, Testwood Lakes, Goldcliff und Brigg neu betrachtet und besonders diejenigen Aspekte beleuchtet, die Aussagen über die Selbsteinschätzung der Seefahrer und ihrer imaginären Beziehung zu ihrer Umwelt möglich machen. Es wird gezeigt, dass die frühbronzezeitlichen Plankenboote für zielgerichtete Fernreisen benutzt wurden, durch die exotische Güter in einer Art ,kosmologischen‘ Reise beschafft werden konnten; diese Übersee-Bootsreise war dabei eng mit den Ahnen verbunden. In der Mittleren und Späten Bronzezeit hingegen, werden die Plankenboote für den einfachen Austausch von Gütern benutzt; zudem werden Bootsteile in strukturierter Form an oder in der Nähe von Flussfurten deponiert, was eine Art der Transformation und Erneuerung darstellt, die in anderen Formen in dieser Zeit gut dokumentiert sind. Durch die Rekonstruktion der Bootsmannschaften wird gezeigt, dass der Aufbau eines Gefolges eine Voraussetzung für den erfolgreichen Abschluss einer solchen Fernreise war und dass die sozialen Verhältnisse, die sich während einer Reise gebildet hatten, ein möglicherweise sehr wichtiges Element im Entstehen der Eliten in der Frühen Bronzezeit gebildet haben.

Résumen

Este artículo ofrece un nuevo análisis de las dimensiones sociales de la navegación en el Segundo Milenio BC y una consideración del papel de la navegación en la (re)creación del orden social en esos momentos, a través de su importancia económica, socio-política, y ritual. Se reanalizan los barcos construidos con tablas de madera unidas de Ferriby, Kilnsea, Dover, Calidcot, Testwood Lakes, Goldcliff, y Brigg. También se aportan nuevas luces a cómo los marineros se definían a si mismos y a su mundo a través de su imaginada relación con el medioambiente. Este estudio mantiene que en la Primera Edad del Bronce, las naves de tablas de madera unidas se utilizaron para viajes direccionales de larga distancia, encaminados a la ‘adquisición cosmológica’ de mercancías exóticas, y que los contextos de estas embarcaciones unen los viajes a través del mar con los antepasados. En la Edad del Bronce Media y Tardía naves de tablas de madera unidas fueron utilizadas para el comercio “down-the-line”, y se han encontrado fragmentos de este tipo de nave en depósitos estructurados, dentro o cerca de cruces de ríos, lo que refleja el lenguaje de transformación y regeneración ya bien establecido en este periodo. A través de la reconstrucción de las tripulaciones de los barcos, sugerimos que el desarrollo de un grupo de seguidores era un prerrequisito para el éxito de un viaje de larga distancia, y que las identidades sociales que se cultivaban durante estos viajes son reconocidas como un potencial elemento de importancia en la aparición de élites en la Primera Edad del Bronce.

Type
Research Article
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 72 , 2006 , pp. 267 - 287
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 2006

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