Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T03:50:19.239Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Late Upper Palaeolithic Lithic Collection from Gough's Cave, Cheddar, Somerset and Human Use of the cave

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2014

Roger Jacobi
Roger Jacobi
Affiliation:
Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A first formal description is given of the largest collection of lithic artefacts from Britain to be clearly dated to the first part of the Late Glacial Interstadial. Much of this material is interpreted as having been left in the cave following hunting of wild horses and red deer in summer and winter. The large total of artefacts is suggested to be a result of small increments over a lengthy period rather than evidence of use of the cave as a base camp or aggregation site. It is possible that the cave took on an additional or alternative function as a funerary site.

Résumé

On donne ici une première description structurée de la plus importante collection d'objets manufacturés lithiques de Grande-Bretagne à être clairement datée de la première partie de la dernière période de fonte des glaces. On interprète une grande partie de ce matériel comme ayant été laissé dans la grotte à la suite de chasses aux chevaux sauvages et aux cerfs, en été comme en hiver. On propose que l'importante quantité d'objets serait le résultat de petits ajouts au cours d'une longue période plutôt que la preuve de l'utilisation de la grotte comme camp de base ou site de rassemblement. Il se peut que la grotte ait assumé, en supplément ou en alternance, un rôle de site funéraire.

Résumen

Dieser Beitrag gibt eine erste formale Beschreibung der größten Kollektion lithischer Artefakte Großbritanniens, die sicher in den ersten Teil des späten glazialen Interstadial datiert werden kann. Ein großer Teil des Materials soil in Höhle bei der Jagd auf wilde Pferde und Rothirsche im Sommer und Winter zurückgelassen worden sein. Die große Anzahl an Artefakten sieht man eher als Nachweis für eine graduelle, kleinere Ansammlung von Artefakten über einen langen Zeitraum als für einen Hinweis auf die Nutzung der Höhle als Basislager oder Zuschlagsstelle; die Höhle könnte auch die zusätzliche Funktion eines Bestattungsplatzes gehabt haben.

Zusammenfassung

En primer lugar el trabajo ofrece una descripción formal de la colección más grande de útiles líticos en Gran Bretaña que pueden ser claramente datados de la primera parte del último Interestadio Glacial. Una gran parte de este material se interpreta como abandonado en la cueva tras una cacería de caballos salvajes y ciervos en verano e invierno. El trabajo sugiere que la suma total de los útiles es el resultado de pequeñas adiciones a través de un largo espacio de tiempo, más que evidencia del uso de la cueva como campo base o un yacimiento agregado. Es también posible que la cueva adquiriera una función aparte o alternativa como sito funerario.

Type
Research Article
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 70 , 2004 , pp. 1 - 92
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Albrecht, G. 1979. Magdalénien – Inventare vom Petersfels: Siedlungsarchäologische Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1974–1976. Tübinger Monographien zur Urgeschichte 6Google Scholar
Aldhouse-Green, S.H.R. 1996. Hoyle's Mouth and Little Hoyle caves. Archaeology in Wales 36, 70–1Google Scholar
Andrews, P. & Fernandez-Jalvo, Y. 2003. Cannibalism in Britain: taphonomy of the Creswellian (Pleistocene) faunal and human remains from Gough's Cave (Somerset, England). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum London (Geology) 58 (supplement), 59–81Google Scholar
Anon. 1928. [Note on excavations by R. F. Parry in Gough's Cave, Cheddar]. Antiquity 2, 476–7Google Scholar
ApSimon, A.M., Smart, P.L., Macphail, R., Scott, K. & Taylor, H. 1992. King Arthur's Cave, Whitchurch, Herefordshire: reassessment of a Middle and Upper Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Beaker site. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 19(2), 183–249Google Scholar
Armstrong, A.L. 1925. Excavations at Mother Grundy's Parlour, Creswell Crags, Derbyshire, 1924. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 55, 146–78Google Scholar
Atkinson, T.C., Briffa, K.R. & Coope, G.R. 1987. Seasonal temperatures in Britain during the past 22,000 years, reconstructed using beetle remains. Nature 325, 587–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baales, M. 2000. L'archéologie du Paléolithique final en Rhénanie du centre et du nord (Allemagne). In Valentin, et al. (eds) 2000, 239–52Google Scholar
Baales, M. & Street, M. 1998. Late Palaeolithic backed-point assemblages in the Northern Rhineland: current research and changing views. Notae Praehistoricae 18, 77–92Google Scholar
Bailey, J.F., Richards, M.B., Macaulay, V.A., Colson, I.B., James, I.T., Bradley, D.G., Hedges, R.E.M. & Sykes, B.C. 1996. Ancient DNA suggests a recent expansion of European cattle from a diverse wild progenitor species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B263, 1467–73Google Scholar
Baker, E.E. 1904. Prehistoric man at Cheddar: programme of the excursion on Saturday, May 14th, 1904. Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society (Axbridge Branch) 1–4Google Scholar
Balch, H.E. 1928a. Mendip Nature Research Committee. Report for 1927. Thirty-ninth Annual Report of the Wells Natural History and Archaeological Society for 1927, 26–9Google Scholar
Balch, H.E. 1928b. Excavations at Wookey Hole and other Mendip caves, 1926–7. Antiquaries Journal 8(2), 193–210CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balch, H.E. 1929. Soldier's Hole, Cheddar Gorge. Fortieth Annual Report of the Wells Natural History and Archaeological Society for 1928, 36–40Google Scholar
Balch, H.E. 1930. Mendip Nature Research Committee. Report for 1929. Forty-first Annual Report of the Wells Natural History and Archaeological Society for 1929, 23–7Google Scholar
Balch, H.E. 1931. Mendip Nature Research Committee. Report for 1930. Forty-second Annual Report of the Wells Natural History and Archaeological Society for 1930, 37–9Google Scholar
Balch, H.E. 1935. Mendip – Cheddar, its Gorge and Caves. Wells: ClareGoogle Scholar
Balch, H.E. 1936. Additions to the Wells Museum, 1935. Forty-fifth Annual Report of the Wells Natural History and Archaeological Society for 1935, 22–7Google Scholar
Ballin, T.B. 2001. Classification and description of lithic artefacts: a discussion of the basic lithic terminology. Lithics 21, 9–15Google Scholar
Banfield, A.W.F. 1954. Preliminary Investigation of the Barren Ground Caribou. Part I. Former and Present Distribution, Migrations and Status. Wildlife Management Bulletin, Series IGoogle Scholar
Barham, L., Priestley, P. & Targett, A. 1999. In Search of Cheddar Man. Stroud: TempusGoogle Scholar
Barrington, N. & Stanton, W. 1977. Mendip. The Complete Caves and a View of the Hills. Cheddar: Cheddar Valley PressGoogle Scholar
Barton, R.N.E. 1991. The en éperon technique in the British Late Upper Palaeolithic. Lithics 11, 31–3Google Scholar
Barton, R.N.E. 1992. Hengistbury Head, Dorset, Vol. 2: The Late Upper Palaeolithic and Early Mesolithic Sites. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology Monograph 34Google Scholar
Barton, R.N.E. 1999. Colonisation and resettlement of Europe in the Late Glacial: a view from the western periphery. Folia Quaternaria 70, 71–86Google Scholar
Barton, R.N.E. & Bergman, C.A. 1982. Hunters at Hengistbury: some evidence from experimental archaeology. World Archaeology 14(2), 237–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barton, R.N.E. & Dumont, S. 2000. Recolonisation and settlement of Britain at the end of the Last Glaciation. In Valentin, et al. (eds) 2000, 151–62Google Scholar
Barton, R.N.E. & Huxtable, J. 1983. New dates for Hengistbury Head, Dorset. Antiquity 57(220), 133–5Google Scholar
Barton, R.N.E., Jacobi, R.M., Stapert, D. & Street, M. 2003. The Lateglacial reoccupation of the British Isles and the Creswellian. Journal of Quaternary Science 18(7), 631–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barton, R.N.E. & Roberts, A.J. 1996. Reviewing the British Late Upper Palaeolithic: new evidence for chronological patterning in the Lateglacial record. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 15(3), 245–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barton, R.N.E. & Roberts, A.J. 1997. Systèmes économiques et modalités techniques dans l'ouest de la Grande-Bretagne au Tardiglaciaire. In Fagnart, & Thévenin, (eds) 1997, 507–16Google Scholar
Barton, R.N.E. & Roberts, A.J. 2002. Ensembles à pointes pédonculées du Tardiglaciaire et technologies associés dans le Sud de la Grande-Bretagne. In Otte, M. & Kozlowski, J.K. (eds) Préhistoire de la Grande Plaine du Nord de l'Europe. Les échanges entre l'Est et l'Ouest dans les sociétés préhistoriques, 69–81. Actes du Colloque Chaire Francqui interuniversitaire au titre étranger, Université de Liège, le 26 juin 2001. Études et Recherches Archéologiques de l'Université de Liège (ERAUL) 99Google Scholar
Barton, R.N.E., Roberts, A.J. & Roe, D.A. (eds). 1991. The Late Glacial in North-west Europe: human adaptation and environmental change at the end of the Pleistocene. York: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 77Google Scholar
Beasley, M.J. 1987. A preliminary report on incremental banding as an indicator of seasonality in mammal teeth from Gough's Cave, Cheddar, Somerset. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 18(1), 116–28Google Scholar
Beck, C.W. 1965. The origin of the amber found at Gough's Cave, Cheddar, Somerset. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 10(3), 272–6Google Scholar
Bemilli, C. 2000. Nouvelles données sur les faunes aziliennes du Closeau, Rueil-Malmaison (Hauts-de-Seine). In Pion, G. (ed.), Le Paléolithique Supérieur Récent: nouvelles données sur le peuplement et l'environnement, 29–38. Actes de la Table Ronde de Chambéry, 12–13 Mars 1999. Mémoires de la Société Préhistorique Française, 28Google Scholar
Bergman, C.A. 1987. Ksar Akil, Lebanon. A Technological and Typological Analysis of the Later Palaeolithic Levels of Ksar Akil. Volume II: Levels XIII–VI. Oxford: British Archaeological Report S329Google Scholar
Bergman, C.A., Barton, R.N.E., Collcutt, S.N. & Morris, G. 1983. La fracture volontaire dans une industrie du Paléolithique supérieur tardif du sud de l'Angleterre. L'Anthropologie 87(3), 323–37Google Scholar
Bergman, C.A. & Newcomer, M.H. 1983. Flint arrowhead breakage: examples from Ksar Akil, Lebanon. Journal of Field Archaeology 10, 238–43Google Scholar
Beynon, F. 1932. The Cow Cave, Chudleigh. Transactions and Proceedings of the Torquay Natural History Society 6(2), 127–32Google Scholar
Binford, L.R. 1978. Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology. New York: Academic PressGoogle Scholar
Binford, L.R. 1979. Organization and formation processes: looking at curated technologies. Journal of Anthropological Research 35(3), 255–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binford, L.R. 1983. In Pursuit of the Past. Decoding the Archaeological Record. London: Thames & HudsonGoogle Scholar
Björck, S., Walker, M.J.C., Cwynar, L.C., Johnsen, S., Knudsen, K.-L., Lowe, J.J., Wohlfarth, B. & INTIMATE Members. 1998. An event stratigraphy for the Last Termination in the North Atlantic region based on the Greenland ice-core record: a proposal by the INTIMATE group. Journal of Quaternary Science 13(4), 283–923.0.CO;2-A>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blockley, S.P.E., Donahue, R.E. & Pollard, A.M. 2000. Radiocarbon calibration and Late Glacial occupation in northwest Europe. Antiquity 74(283), 112–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodu, P. 1998. Magdalenians – Early Azilians in the centre of the Paris Basin: a filiation? The example of Le Closeau (Rueil - Malmaison, France). In Milliken, S. (ed.), The Organization of Lithic Technology in Late Glacial and Early Postglacial Europe, 131–47. Oxford: British Archaeological Report S700Google Scholar
Bodu, P. 2000. Que sont devenus les Magdaléniens du Bassin parisien? Quelques éléments de réponse sur le gisement azilien du Closeau (Rueil - Malmaison, France). In Valentin, et al. (eds) 2000, 315–39Google Scholar
Bodu, P. & Valentin, B. 1997. Groupes à Federmesser ou aziliens dans le Sud et l'Ouest du Bassin parisien. Propositions pour un nouveau modèle d'évolution. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 94(3), 341–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohmers, A. 1956. Statistics and graphs in the study of flint assemblages. II. A preliminary report on the statistical analysis of the younger Palaeolithic in Northwestern Europe. Palaeohistoria 5, 7–25Google Scholar
Bohmers, A. 1960. Statistiques et graphiques dans l'étude des industries lithiques préhistoriques. V. Considérations générales au sujet du Hambourgien, du Tjongerien, du Magdalénien et de l'Azilien. Palaeohistoria 8, 15–37Google Scholar
Bordes, F. 1967. Considérations sur la typologie et les techniques dans le Paléolithique. Quartär 18, 25–55Google Scholar
Bordes, F. 1970. Observations typologiques et techniques sur le Périgordien supérieur de Corbiac (Dordogne). Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 67(4), 105–13Google Scholar
Bordes, F. & Sonneville-Bordes, D. de 1979. L'Aazilianisation dans la vallée de la Dordogne. Les données de la Gare de Couze (Dordogne) et de l'Abri Morin (Gironde). In de Sonneville-Bordes, D. (ed.), La Fin des Temps Glaciaires en Europe, 449–59. Paris: CNRS, Colloques Internationaux 271Google Scholar
Bowman, S.G.E., Ambers, J.C. & Leese, M.N. 1990. Reevaluation of British Museum radiocarbon dates issued between 1980 and 1984. Radiocarbon 32(1), 59–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boylan, P.J. 1969. A dated giant deer antler from Brandesburton. Kingston upon Hull Museums Bulletin 2, 1–4Google Scholar
Breest, K. & Veil, S. 1991. The Late Upper Palaeolithic site of Schweskau, Ldkr, Lüchnow-Dannenberg, Germany, and some comments on the relationship between the Magdalenian and Hamburgian. In Barton, et al. (eds) 1991, 82–99Google Scholar
Brézillon, M. 1977. La Dénomination des Objects de Pierre Taillée. Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique: IVe Supplément à Gallia PréhistoireGoogle Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C., Higham, T.F.G., Owen, D.C., Pike, A.W.G. & Hedges, R.E.M. 2002. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 31. Archaeometry 44(3) Supplement I, 1–149CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C., Pettitt, P.B., Hedges, R.E.M., Hodgins, G.W.L. & Owen, D.C. 2000. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 29. Archaeometry 42(1), 243–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buck, C.E., Christen, J.A. & James, G.N. 1999. BCal: an on-line Bayesian radiocarbon calibration tool. Internet Archaeology 7 (intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue7/buck.toc.html)Google Scholar
Burdukiewicz, J.M. & Schmider, B. 2000. Analyse comparative des pointes à cran hambourgiennes du Bassin de l'Oder et des pointes à cran magdaléniennes du Bassin parisien. In Valentin, et al. (eds) 2000, 97–108Google Scholar
Burleigh, R. 1986. Radiocarbon dates for human and animal bones from Mendip caves. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 17(3), 267–74Google Scholar
Burleigh, R., Jacobi, E.B. & Jacobi, R.M. 1985. Early human resettlement of the British Isles following the last glacial maximum: new evidence from Gough's Cave, Cheddar. Quaternary Newsletter 45, 1–6Google Scholar
Campbell, J.B. 1970. Excavations at Creswell Crags: preliminary report. Derbyshire Archaeological Journal 89 for 1969, 47–58Google Scholar
Campbell, J.B. 1971. The Upper Palaeolithic of Britain: a study of British Upper Palaeolithic cultural material and its relation to environmental and chronological evidence. Unpublished D.Phil. Dissertation: Oxford UniversityGoogle Scholar
Campbell, J.B. 1977. The Upper Palaeolithic of Britain: a study of man and nature in the Late Ice Age. Oxford: Clarendon PressGoogle Scholar
Care, V. 1982. The collection and distribution of lithic materials during the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods in southern England. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 1(3), 269–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Célérier, G. 1979. Inventaire morphologique de pointes aziliennes en Périgord. Un projet de rationalisation. In de Sonneville-Bordes, D. (ed.) La Fin des Temps Glaciaires en Europe, 461–66. Paris: CNRS, Colloques Internationaux 271Google Scholar
Célérier, G., Chollet, A. & Hantaï, A. 1997. Nouvelles observations sur l'évolution de l'Azilien dans les gisements du Bois-Ragot (Vienne) et de Pont d'Ambon (Dordogne). Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 94(3), 331–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charles, R. 1989. Incised ivory fragments and other Late Upper Palaeolithic finds from Gough's Cave, Cheddar, Somerset. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 18(3), 400–8Google Scholar
Charles, R. 1996. Back into the North: the radiocarbon evidence for the human recolonisation of the north-west Ardennes after the Last Glacial Maximum. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 62, 1–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charles, R. 1998. Late Magdalenian Chronology and Faunal Exploitation in the North-Western Ardennes. Oxford: British Archaeological Report S737Google Scholar
Charles, R. & Jacobi, R.M. 1994. The Lateglacial fauna from the Robin Hood Cave, Creswell Crags: a reassessment. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 13(1), 1–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, J.G.D. 1933. Mesolithic sites on the Burtle Beds, near Bridgwater, Somerset. Man 33, 63–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, J.G.D. 1954. Excavations at Star Carr. Cambridge: University PressGoogle Scholar
Clark, J.G.D. 1973. Seasonality and the interpretation of lithic assemblages. In de Motes, J. Maluquer (ed.), Estudios Dedicados al Professor Dr. Luis Pericot, 1–13. Universidad de Barcelona: Instituto de Arqueología y Prehistoria, Publicaciones Eventuales 23Google Scholar
Clark, J.G.D. & Thompson, M.W. 1953. The groove and splinter technique of working antler in Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Europe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 19(2), 148–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clay, R.C.C. 1929. An important bone implement from Cheddar. Antiquity 3(2), 344–6Google Scholar
Clayton, C. n.d. Sources of Flint Raw Material to Gough's Cave, CheddarGoogle Scholar
Coles, J.M. 1965. The archaeology of the Cambridge region. Prehistory. In Steers, J.A. (ed.), The Cambridge Region 1965, 112–25. The British Association for the Advancement of ScienceGoogle Scholar
Collcutt, S.N. 1979. Notes sur le ‘L.U.P.’(Creswellien, Cheddarien, etc.) de la Grande Bretagne. In de Sonneville-Bordes, D. (ed.), La Pin des Temps Glaciaires en Europe, 783–89. Paris: CNRS, Colloques Internationaux 271Google Scholar
Collcutt, S.N. 1984. The sediments. In Green, H.S. (ed.), Pontnewydd Cave, A Lower Palaeolithic Hominid Site in Wales: the first report, 31–76. Cardiff: National Museum of WalesGoogle Scholar
Collcutt, S.N. 1986. Analysis of sediments in Gough's Cave, Cheddar, Somerset, and their bearing on the Palaeolithic archaeology. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 17(2), 129–40Google Scholar
Collcutt, S.N., Currant, A.P. & Hawkes, C.J. 1981. A further report on the excavations at Sun Hole, Cheddar. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 16(1), 21–38Google Scholar
Cook, J. 1991. Preliminary report on marked human bones from the 1986–1987 excavations at Gough's Cave, Somerset, England. In Barton, et al. (eds) 1991, 160–68Google Scholar
Coope, G.R. 1977. Fossil coleopteran assemblages as sensitive indicators of climatic changes during the Devensian (Last) cold stage. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B280, 313–40Google Scholar
Coope, G.R. 1981. Episodes of local extinction of insect species during the Quaternary as indicators of climatic changes. In Neale, J. & Flenley, J. (eds), The Quaternary in Britain, 216–21. Oxford: Pergamon PressGoogle Scholar
Coope, G.R. & Joachim, M.J. 1980. Lateglacial environmental changes interpreted from fossil coleoptera from St Bees, Cumbria, north-west England. In Lowe, J.J., Gray, J.M. & Robinson, J.E. (eds), Studies in the Lateglacial of North-West Europe, 55–68. Oxford: Pergamon PressGoogle Scholar
Coope, G.R. & Lemdahl, G. 1995. Regional differences in the Lateglacial climate of northern Europe based on coleopteran analysis. Journal of Quaternary Science 10(4), 391–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cotter, M.O. & Cox, A. 1967. The Cooper's Hole breakthrough of 1962. Journal of the Mendip Caving Group 4, 21–3Google Scholar
Currant, A.P. 1986. The Lateglacial mammal fauna of Gough's Cave, Cheddar, Somerset. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 17(3), 286–304Google Scholar
Currant, A.P. 1987. Late Pleistocene saiga antelope Saiga tatarica on Mendip. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 18(1), 74–80Google Scholar
Currant, A.P. 1991. A Late Glacial Interstadial mammal fauna from Gough's Cave, Somerset, England. In Barton, et al. (eds) 1991, 48–50Google Scholar
Currant, A.P. and Jacobi, R.M. 2001. A formal mammalian biostratigraphy for the Late Pleistocene of Britain. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, 1707–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Currant, A.P., Jacobi, R.M. & Stringer, C.B. 1989. Excavations at Gough's Cave, Somerset 1986–7. Antiquity 63(238), 131–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S.J., Clausen, H.B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Gundestrup, N.S., Hammer, C.U., Hvidberg, C.S., Steffensen, J.P., Sveinbjörnsdottir, A.E., Jouzel, J. & Bond, G. 1993. Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record. Nature 364, 218–20Google Scholar
David, A.E.U. 1991. Late Glacial archaeological residues from Wales: a selection. In Barton, et al. (eds) 1991, 141–59Google Scholar
Davies, H.N. 1904. The discovery of human remains under the stalagmite-floor of Gough's Cavern, Cheddar. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 60(3), 335–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, H.N. 1905. The discovery of human remains under stalagmite in Gough's Cave, Cheddar, Somerset. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Cambridge, 1904), 569–70Google Scholar
Davies, H.N. 1910. Gough's Cavern, Cheddar. Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society 55(1), 79–81Google Scholar
Davies, J.A. 1921. Aveline's Hole, Burrington Coombe. An Upper Palaeolithic station. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 1(2), 61–72Google Scholar
Davies, J.A. 1925. Fourth report on Aveline's Hole. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 2(2), 104–14Google Scholar
Davies, J.A. 1926. Notes on Upper Palaeolithic implements from some Mendip caves. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 2(3), 261–73Google Scholar
Davies, J.A. 1928. Gough's Cave, Cheddar. Note on excavations during the autumn, 1927. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 3(2), 98Google Scholar
Davies, J.A. n.d. Archaeological Notes. 6 Vols: University of Bristol Spelaeological SocietyGoogle Scholar
Dawkins, W.B. 1876. On the mammalia and traces of man found in the Robin-Hood Cave. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 32(3), 245–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawkins, W.B. 1877. On the mammal-fauna of the caves of Creswell Crags. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 33(3), 589–612CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Bie, M. and Caspar, J.-P. 2000. Rekem. A Federmesser Camp on the Meuse River Bank. Leuven: University PressGoogle Scholar
Demars, P.-Y. & Laurent, P. 1992. Types d'outils lithiques du Paléolithique superieur en Europe. Paris: CNRSGoogle Scholar
Djindjian, F. 2000. Identité, chronologie et territoires du Magdalénien en Europe occidentale: questions posées. In Pion, G. (ed.), Le Paléolithique supérieur récent: nouvelles données sur le peuplement et l'environnement, 95–112. Actes de la Table Ronde de Chambéry, 12–13 Mars 1999. Mémoires de la Société Préhistorique Française 28Google Scholar
Donovan, D.T. 1955. The Pleistocene deposits at Gough's Cave, Cheddar, including an account of recent excavations. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 7(2), 76–104Google Scholar
Donovan, D.T. 1986. Records, catalogues and layers at Gough's Cave. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 17(2), 116–9Google Scholar
Everton, A. 1970. The Upper Palaeolithic in Axbridge? Newsletter of the Axbridge Caving Group and Archaeological Society (August) 108Google Scholar
Fagnart, J.-P. 1997. La Fin des Temps Glaciaires dans le Nord de la France. Approches Archéologique et Environmental des Occupations Humaines du Tardiglaciaire. Mémoires de la Société Préhistorique Française 24Google Scholar
Fagnart, J.-P. & Coudret, P. 2000a. Le Tardiglaciaire dans le Nord de la France. In Valentin, et al. (eds) 2000, 111–28Google Scholar
Fagnart, J.-P. & Coudret, P. 2000b. Données récentes sur le Tardiglaciaire du bassin de la Somme. In Pion, G. (ed.), Le Paléolithique Supérieur Récent: nouvelles données sur le peuplement et, l'environnement, 113–26. Actes de la Table Ronde de Chambéry, 12–13 Mars 1999. Mémoires de la Société Préhistorique Française 28Google Scholar
Fagnart, J.-P. & Coudret, P. 2001. Fouille Programmée de Saleux – Les Baquets (Somme). Autorisation de fouille pluriannuelle (1999–2001) rapport de synthèse: année 2001. Site no 80 724 005 AP. Conseil General de la Somme et ESA 8018 du CNRSGoogle Scholar
Fagnart, J.-P. & Thévenin, A. (eds). 1997. Le Tardiglaciaire en Europe du Nord-Ouest. Actes du 119e Congrès national des Sociétés historiques et scientifiques, Amiens, 1994: Paris: Editions CTHSGoogle Scholar
Fawcett, E. 1920. Report on material found at ‘The Cave’, Burrington. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 1(1), 5–8Google Scholar
Fischer, A. 1990. On being a pupil of a flintknapper of 11,000 years ago. A preliminary analysis of settlement organization and flint technology based on conjoined flint artefacts from the Trollesgave site. In Cziesla, E.Eickhoff, S.Arts, N. & Winter, D. (eds), The Big Puzzle. International Symposium on Refitting Stone Artefacts, 447–64. Bonn: Holos, Studies in Modern Archaeology IGoogle Scholar
Fischer, A., Hansen, P.V. & Rasmussen, P. 1984. Macro and micro wear traces on lithic projectile points. Experimental results and prehistoric examples. Journal of Danish Archaeology 3, 19–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Floss, H. 2000. La fin du Paléolithique en Rhénanie (Magdalénien, groupes à Federmesser, Ahrensbourgien). L'évolution du choix des matières premières lithiques, reflet d'un profond changement du climat et comportement humain. In Valentin, et al. (eds) 2000, 87–96Google Scholar
Fosse, G. 1997. Le Paléolithique récent et final du Bassin de la Basse-Seine (Yvelines-Eure-Seine-Maritime). Fagnart, & Thévenin, (eds) 1997, 233–44Google Scholar
Frondel, J.W. 1968. Amber facts and fancies. Economic Botany 22(4), 371–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gamble, C.S. 1986. The Palaeolithic Settlement of Europe. Cambridge: University PressGoogle Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. 1926a. The Upper Palaeolithic Age in Britain. Oxford: Clarendon PressGoogle Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. 1926b. The Upper Palaeolithic age in Britain. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 2(3), 299–301Google Scholar
Gillespie, R., Gowlett, J.A.J., Hall, E.T., Hedges, R.E.M. & Perry, C. 1985. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 2. Archaeometry 27(2), 237–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gough, A.G.H. 1928. Pictorial guide. The Caves: Cheddar. CheddarGoogle Scholar
Gowlett, J.A.J., Hall, E.T., Hedges, R.E.M. & Perry, C. 1986a. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 3. Archaeometry 28(1), 116–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gowlett, J.A.J., Hedges, R.E.M., Law, I.A. & Perry, C. 1986b. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 4. Archaeometry 28(2), 206–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, H. St.G. 1904. Notes on the skeleton and flints found in Gough's Cave, Cheddar. Notes and Queries for Somerset and Dorset 9(65), 2–5Google Scholar
Gray, H. St.G. 1908. Additions to the Museum from January 1st to December 31st, 1907. Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society 53(1), 70–91Google Scholar
Gray, H. St.G. 1927. Additions to the Museum. From July 22, 1925, to July 13 (Annual Meeting), 1926. Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society 72(1), LXXXII–XCIIGoogle Scholar
Gray, J.M. & Lowe, J.J. 1977. Studies in the Scottish Lateglacial environment. Oxford: Pergamon PressGoogle Scholar
Greenall, C.A. & Woods, A.G. 1977. Secretaries' Report. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 14(3), 194–5Google Scholar
Harrison, C.J.O. 1986. Bird remains from Gough's Cave, Cheddar, Somerset. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 17(3), 305–10Google Scholar
Harrison, C.J.O. 1988. Bird bones from Soldier's Hole, Cheddar, Somerset. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 18(2), 258–64Google Scholar
Harrison, C.J.O. 1989. Bird bones from Chelm's Combe Shelter, Cheddar, Somerset. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 18(3), 412–4Google Scholar
Harrison, R.A. 1976. Two pieces of worked bone from the Pleistocene deposits at the Chelm's Combe Rock Shelter, Cheddar. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 14(2), 115–22Google Scholar
Hartz, S. 1987. Neue spätpaläolithische Fundplätze bei Ahrenshöft, Kreis Nordfriesland. Offa 44, 5–31Google Scholar
Hawkes, C.J., Tratman, E.K. & Powers, R. 1970. Decorated piece of rib bone from the Palaeolithic levels at Gough's Cave, Cheddar, Somerset. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 12(2), 137–42Google Scholar
Hedges, R.E.M., Housley, R.A., Bronk, C.R. & Klinken, G.J. van. 1991. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 13. Archaeometry 33(2), 279–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedges, R.E.M., Housley, R.A., Bronk Ramsey, C.R. & Klinken, G.J.van. 1994. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 18. Archaeometry 36(2), 337–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedges, R.E.M., Housley, R.A., Law, I.A. & Bronk, C.R. 1989. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 9. Archaeometry 31(2), 207–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedges, R.E.M., Housley, R.A., Law, I.A. & Bronk, C.R. 1990. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 10. Archaeometry 32(1), 101–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedges, R.E.M., Housley, R.A., Law, I.A. & Perry, C. 1988. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 7. Archaeometry 30(1), 155–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedges, R.E.M., Housley, R.A., Law, I.A., Perry, C. & Gowlett, J.A.J. 1987. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 6. Archaeometry 29(2), 289–306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedges, R.E.M., Pettitt, P.B., Bronk Ramsey, C. & Klinken, G.J.van. 1996. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 22. Archaeometry 38(2), 391–415CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedges, R.E.M., Pettitt, P.B., Bronk Ramsey, C. & Klinken, G.J.van. 1998. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 25. Archaeometry 40(1), 227–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinzelin de Braucourt, J. de. 1962. Manuel de Typologie des Industries Lithiques. BrusselsGoogle Scholar
Hofman, J.L. 2003. Tethered to stone or freedom to move: Folsom biface technology in regional perspective. In Soressi, M. & Dibble, H.L. (eds), Multiple Approaches to the Study of Bifacial Technologies, 229–49. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology: University Museum Monograph 115Google Scholar
Housley, R.A., Gamble, C.S. & Pettitt, P. 2000. Reply to Blockley, Donahue and Pollard. Antiquity 74(283), 119–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Housley, R.A., Gamble, C.S., Street, M. & Pettitt, P. 1997. Radiocarbon evidence for the Lateglacial human recolonisation of northern Europe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 63, 25–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphrey, L.T. & Stringer, C.B. 2002. The human cranial remains from Gough's Cave (Somerset, England). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum London (Geology) 58(2), 153–68Google Scholar
Irwin, D.J. 1986a. The exploration of Gough's Cave and its development as a show cave. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 17(2), 95–101Google Scholar
Irwin, D.J. 1986b. Gough's Old Cave – its history. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 17(3), 250–66Google Scholar
Jacobi, E.B. 1986. R. F. Parry (1873–1948). Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 17(2), 120Google Scholar
Jacobi, R.M. 1986a. The history and literature of Pleistocene discoveries at Gough's Cave, Cheddar, Somerset. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 17(2), 102–15Google Scholar
Jacobi, R.M. 1986b. A.M.S. results from Cheddar Gorge –trodden and untrodden ‘lifeways“. In Gowlett, J.A.J. & Hedges, R.E.M. (eds), Archaeological Results from Accelerator Dating, 81–6. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology Monograph 11Google Scholar
Jacobi, R.M. 1986. The Lateglacial archaeology of Gough's Cave at Cheddar. In Collcutt, S.N. (ed.), The Palaeolithic of Britain and its Nearest Neighbours: recent trends, 75–9. University of Sheffield, Department of Archaeology and Prehistory: John R. CollisGoogle Scholar
Jacobi, R.M. 1991. The Creswellian, Creswell and Cheddar. In Barton, et al. (eds) 1991, 128–40Google Scholar
Jacobi, R.M. 1997. The ‘Creswellian’ in Britain. In Fagnart, & Thévenin, (eds) 1997, 499–505Google Scholar
Jacobi, R.M. 2000. The Late Pleistocene archaeology of Somerset. In Webster, C.J. (ed.), Somerset Archaeology. Papers to mark ISO years of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society, 45–52. Taunton: Somerset County CouncilGoogle Scholar
Jacobi, R.M. & Roberts, A.J. 1993. A new variant on the Creswellian angle-backed blade. Lithics 13, 33–9Google Scholar
Jex-Blake, T.W. 1904. Prehistoric man at Cheddar. Notes and Queries for Somerset and Dorset 9(65), 1–2Google Scholar
Johansen, L. & Stapert, D. 2000. Two ‘Epi-Ahrensburgian’ sites in the Northern Netherlands: Oudehaske (Friesland) and Gramsbergen (Overijssel). Palaeohistoria 39/40 for 1997–1998, 1–87Google Scholar
Johansen, L. & Stapert, D. 2001. Vuurmakers uit het Laat-Paleolithicum revisited. Paleo-Aktueel 12, 15–19Google Scholar
Johnsen, S.J., Clausen, H.B., Dansgaard, W., Fuhrer, K., Gundestrup, N., Hammer, C.U., Iversen, P., Jouzel, J., Stauffer, B. & Steffensen, J.P. 1992. Irregular interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice core. Nature 359, 311–13Google Scholar
Jöris, O. & Thissen, J. 1997. Microlithic tool assemblages associated with long blade technology. Übach-Palenberg (Lower Rhine area) – a case study on a Late Palaeolithic site at the boundary Younger Dryas/Pre-Boreal. In Fagnart, & Thévenin, (eds) 1997, 611–21Google Scholar
Kaagan, L. 2000. The Horse in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Britain. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation: University College London.Google Scholar
Keeley, L.H. 1980. Experimental Determination of Stone Tool Uses. A Microwear Analysis. Chicago: University PressGoogle Scholar
Kintigh, K.W. 1984. Measuring archaeological diversity by comparison with simulated assemblages. American Antiquity 49(1), 44–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koerper, H.C. & Stickel, E.G. 1980. Cultural drift: a primary process of culture change. Journal of Anthropological Research 36, 463–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambeck, K. 1995. Late Devensian and Holocene shorelines of the British Isles and North Sea from models of glaciohydro-isostatic rebound. Journal of the Geological Society of London 152, 437–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanting, J.N. & Plicht, J. van der. 1996. De 14C-chronologie van de Nederlandse Pre- en Protohistorie. I. Laat Paleolithicum. Palaeohistoria 37/38, 71–125Google Scholar
Larsson, L. 1996. The colonization of south Sweden during the deglaciation. In Larsson, L. (ed.), The earliest Settlement of Scandinavia, 141–56. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell InternationalGoogle Scholar
Lausberg-Miny, J., Lausberg-Miny, P. & Pirnay, L. 1983. Essais d'utilisation de résine végétale pour l'emmanchement de quelques artéfacts en silex. Notae Praehistoricae 3, 111–4Google Scholar
Leesch, D. 1993. Cadre chronologique et faciès industriels. In Höneisen, M.Leesch, D. & Le Tensorer, J.-M. (eds), La Suisse du Paléolithique à l'aube du Moyen-Age. I. Paléolithique et Mésolithique, 153–64. Bâle: Société Suisse de Préhistoire et d'ArchéologieGoogle Scholar
Leesch, D. 2000. Le Tardiglaciaire en Suisse: corrélation des données paléoenvironnementales et archéologiques. In Valentin, et al. (eds) 2000, 217–21Google Scholar
Lenoir, M. 1989. Le Magdalénien en Gironde. In Otte, M. (ed.), Le Magdalénien en Europe, 253–67. Actes du Colloque de Mayence, 1987. Études et Recherches Archéologiques de l'Université de Liège (ERAUL) 38Google Scholar
Lenoir, M. & Terraza, S. 1979. Lames tronquées et usées du Magdalénien supérieur en Gironde. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 76(1), 19–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leotard, J.-M. 1985. Le Paléolithique supérieur final des grottes de Presle (Aiseau). Notae Praehistoricae 5, 131–2Google Scholar
Leotard, J.-M. & Otte, M. 1988. Occupation paléolithique final aux Grottes de Presle fouilles de 1983–84 (Aiseau–Belgique). In Otte, M. (ed.), De la Loire à l'Oder. Les civilisations du Paléolithique final dans le nord-ouest européen, 189–216. Oxford: British Archaeological Report S444Google Scholar
Leroi-Gourhan, A. & Brézillon, M. 1966. L'habitation magdalénienne no. 1 de Pincevent près Montereau (Seine-et-Marne). Gallia Préhistoire 9(2), 263–385CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leroi-Gourhan, A. & Brézillon, M. 1972. Fouilles de Pincevent. Essai d'analyse ethnographique d'un habitat magdalénien. VIIe supplément à Gallia Préhistoire. Paris: CNRSGoogle Scholar
Leroi-Gourhan, Arl. 1986. Pollen analysis of sediment samples from Gough's Cave, Cheddar. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 17(2), 141–4Google Scholar
Leroi-Gourhan, Arl. & Jacobi, R.M. 1986. Analyse pollinique et matériel archéologique de Gough's Cave (Cheddar, Somerset). Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 83(3), 83–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lister, A.M. 1991. Late Glacial mammoths in Britain. In Barton, et al. (eds) 1991, 51–9Google Scholar
Lloyd, O.C. (Cheramodytes). 1962. Mendip notes. Journal of the Wessex Cave Club 7(86), 98–100Google Scholar
Macphail, R.I. & Goldberg, P. 2003. Gough's Cave, Cheddar, Somerset: Microstratigraphy of the Late Pleistocene/earliest Holocene sediments. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London (Geology). 58 (supplement), 51–8Google Scholar
Mangerud, J., Andersen, S.T., Berglund, B.E. & Donner, J.J. 1974. Quaternary stratigraphy of Norden, a proposal for terminology and classification. Boreas 4, 109–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McBurney, C.B.M. 1959. Report on the first season's fieldwork on British Upper Palaeolithic cave deposits. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 25, 260–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellars, P.A. 1974. The palaeolithic and mesolithic. In Renfrew, C. (ed.), British Prehistory. A New Outline, 41–99. London: DuckworthGoogle Scholar
Mello, J.M. 1876. The bone-caves of Creswell Crags – 2nd paper. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 32(3), 240–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mello, J.M. 1877. The bone-caves of Creswell Crags – 3rd paper. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 33(3), 579–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moss, E.H. 1983. The Functional Analysis of Flint Implements. Pincevent and Pont d'Ambon: two case studies from the French Final Palaeolithic. Oxford: British Archaeological Report S177Google Scholar
Moss, E.H. & Newcomer, M.H. 1982. Reconstruction of tool use at Pincevent: microwear and experiments. In Cahen, D. (ed.), Tailler! pour quoi faire: Préhistoire et technologie lithique II: Recent progress in microwear studies, 289–312. Studia Praehistorica Belgica, 2Google Scholar
Murphy, E.M. & Mallory, J.P. 2000. Herodotus and the cannibals. Antiquity 74(284), 388–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Musil, R. 2000. Evidence for the domestication of wolves in Central European Magdalenian sites. In Crockford, S.J. (ed.), Dogs Through Time: an archaeological perspective, 21–8. Oxford: British Archaeological Report S889Google Scholar
Newcomer, M.H. 1969. The chamfered pieces from Ksar Akil (Lebanon). Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, London 8/9 for 1966–1969, 177–91Google Scholar
Newcomer, M.H. & Karlin, C. 1987. Flint chips from Pincevent. In Sieveking, G. de G. & Newcomer, M.H. (eds), The Human uses of Flint and Chert. Proceedings of the Fourth International Flint Symposium held at Brighton Polytechnic 10–15th April 1983, 33–6. Cambridge: University PressGoogle Scholar
Norman, C. 1982. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers 9000–4000 BC. In Aston, M. & Burrow, I. (eds), The Archaeology of Somerset. A review to 1500 AD, 15–21. Somerset County CouncilGoogle Scholar
Oakley, K.P. 1958. The antiquity of the skulls reputed to be from Flint Jack's Cave, Cheddar, Somerset. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 8(2), 77–82Google Scholar
Oakley, K.P., Campbell, B.G. & Molleson, T.I. 1971. Catalogue of Fossil Hominids. Vol 2. Europe. London: British Museum (Natural History)Google Scholar
Ohnuma, K. & Bergman, C. 1982. Experimental studies in the determination of flaking mode. Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, London 19, 161–70Google Scholar
Olsen, S.L. 1989. Solutré: a theoretical approach to the reconstruction of Upper Palaeolithic hunting strategies. Journal of Human Evolution 18(4), 295–327CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owles, E. & Smedley, N. 1963. Archaeology in Suffolk, 1962. Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology 29(2), 166–74Google Scholar
Owles, E. & Smedley, N. 1964. Archaeology in Suffolk, 1963. Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology 29(3), 348–54Google Scholar
Palmer, T.F., Balch, H.E., Cooper, N.C., Clay, R.C.C. & Jackson, J.W. 1927. Excavations at Chelm's Combe Cheddar. Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society 72(2), 93–124Google Scholar
Parkin, R.A., Rowley-Conwy, P. & Serjeantson, D. 1986. Late Palaeolithic exploitation of horse and red deer at Gough's Cave, Cheddar, Somerset. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 17(3), 311–30Google Scholar
Parry, R.F. 1928. Recent excavations at the Cheddar Caves. Nature 122(3080), 735–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parry, R.F. 1929a. Recent excavations at the Cheddar Caves. Fortieth Annual Report of the Wells Natural History and Archaeological Society, 32–6Google Scholar
Parry, R.F. 1929b. Excavation at the Caves, Cheddar. Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society 74(2), 102–21Google Scholar
Parry, R.F. 1931a. Cheddar excavations. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Bristol, 1930), 366Google Scholar
Parry, R.F. 1931b. Excavations at Cheddar. Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society 76(2), 46–62Google Scholar
Parry, R.F. 1934. Coopers Hole, Cheddar. Forty-third Annual Report of the Wells Natural History and Archaeological Society for 1933, 52–3Google Scholar
Parsons, F.G. 1914. Prehistoric inhabitants of Britain. 17th International Congress of Medicine, London: 1913. Section I Anatomy and Embryology pt 2, 91–6Google Scholar
Pelegrin, J. 2000. Les techniques de débitage laminaire au Tardiglaciaire: critères de diagnose et quelques réflexions. In Valentin, et al. (eds) 2000, 73–86Google Scholar
Pengelly, W. 1868. Third report of the committee for exploring Kent's Cavern, Devonshire. Report of the thirty-seventh meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Dundee, 1867), 24–34Google Scholar
Pengelly, W. 1872. Seventh report of the committee for exploring Kent's Cavern, Devonshire. Report of the forty-first meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Edinburgh, 1871), 1–14Google Scholar
Pennington, W. 1977. The Late Devensian flora and vegetation of Britain. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B280, 247–71Google Scholar
Peters, E. & Toepfer, V. 1932. Der Abschluss der Grabungen am Petersfels bei Engen in badischen Hegau. Prähistorische Zeitschrift 23, 155–98Google Scholar
Pion, G., Billard, M., Bintz, P., Caillat, B., Cataliotti-Valdina, J., Durand, J.-M., Girard, M. & Monjuvent, G. 1990. L'abri de La Fru à Saint-Christophe (Savoie). Gallia Préhistoire 32, 65–123CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitts, M.W. & Jacobi, R.M. 1979. Some aspects of change in flaked stone industries of the Mesolithic and Neolithic in Southern Britain. Journal of Archaeological Science 6(2), 163–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollard, J. 2000. Ancestral places in the Mesolithic landscape. In Conneller, C. (ed.), New Approaches to the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic, 123–38. Archaeological review from Cambridge 17(1)Google Scholar
Prowse, D.C. 1924. Field work. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 2(1), 88–9Google Scholar
Reynolds, C. 1962. The deposits of Cooper's Hole. Cheddar. A provisional report. Journal of the Mendip Caving Group 3, 60–2Google Scholar
Richards, M.P., Hedges, R.E.M., Jacobi, R.M., Currant, A.P. & Stringer, C.B. 2000. Gough's Cave and Sun Hole Cave human stable isotope values indicate a high animal protein diet in the British Upper Palaeolithic. Journal of Archaeological Science 27(1), 1–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rigaud, A. 1977. Analyses typologique et technologique des grattoirs magdaléniens de la Garenne à Saint-Marcel (Indre). Gallia Préhistoire 20(1), 1–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, A.J. 1996. Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene human activity and environmental change from the Torbryan Valley, South Devon. In Charman, D.J., Newnham, R.M. & Croot, D.G. (eds), Devon & East Cornwall Field Guide, 168–204. London: Quaternary Research AssociationGoogle Scholar
Roche, H. & Tixier, J. 1982. Les accidents de taille. In Cahen, D. (ed.), Tailler! pour quoi faire: Préhistoire et technologie lithique II: Recent progress in microwear studies, 65–76. Studia Praehistorica Belgica, 2Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, A. 1964. Excavations in the Torbryan Caves, Devonshire. II. Three Holes Cave. Transactions of the Devon Archaeological Exploration Society 22, 3–20Google Scholar
Rots, V., Stapert, D. & Johansen, L. 2002. De Cheddar – en Creswell – spitsen van Zeijen (Dr.): ‘projectielen’ of messen? Paleo-Aktueel 13, 24–9Google Scholar
Schmider, B. 1992. Marsangy. Un campement des demiers chasseurs magdaleniens, sur les bords de l'Yonne. Études et Recherches Archéologiques de l'Université de Liège (ERAUL) 55Google Scholar
Schofield, J. 1987. The ‘ASDA Factor’: core reduction, resource stress and the nature of lithic assemblages in central-southern England. Lithics 7, 17–29Google Scholar
Schulting, R. & Wysocki, M. 2002. The Mesolithic human skeletal collection from Aveline's Hole: a preliminary note. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 22(3), 255–68Google Scholar
Schwabedissen, H. 1954. Die Federmesser-Gruppen des nordwesteuropäischen Flachlandes. Zur Ausbreitung des Spät-Magdalenien. Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz VerlagGoogle Scholar
Seligman, C.G. & Parsons, F.G. 1914. The Cheddar Man: a skeleton of Late Palaeolithic date. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 44, 241–63Google Scholar
Sonneville-Bordes, D. de. 1959. Problèmes généraux du Paléolithique supérieur dans le sud-ouest de la France. L'Anthropologie 63(1–2), 1–36Google Scholar
Sonneville-Bordes, D. de. 1960. Le Paléolithique Supérieur en Périgord. Bordeaux: Imprimeries DelmasGoogle Scholar
Sonneville-Bordes, D. de. 1979. L'abri de Villepin, site de référence. In de Sonneville-Bordes, D. (ed.), La Fin des Temps Glaciaires en Europe, 443–8. Paris: CNRS, Colloques Internationaux 271Google Scholar
Sonneville-Bordes, D. de & Deffarge, R. 1974. Lames retouchées magdaléniennes du Morin (Gironde). Zephyrus 25, 95–105Google Scholar
Sonneville-Bordes, D. de & Perrot, J. 1953. Essai d'adaptation des méthodes statistiques au Paléolithique supérieur. Premiers résultats. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 50(6), 323–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonneville-Bordes, D. de & Perrot, J. 1954. Lexique typologique du Paléolithique supérieur. Outillage lithique: I Grattoirs – II Outils solutréens. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 51(7), 327–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonneville-Bordes, D. de & Perrot, J. 1955. Lexique typologique du Paléolithique supérieur. Outillage lithique – III Outils Composites – Perçoirs. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 52(2), 76–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonneville-Bordes, D. de & Perrot, J. 1956a. Lexique typologique du Paléolithique supérieur. Outillage lithique – IV Burins. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 53(7–8), 408–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonneville-Bordes, D. de & Perrot, J. 1956b. Lexique typologique du Paléolithique supérieur. Outillage lithique (suite et fin). V Outillage à bord abattu – VI Pièces tronquées. VII Lames retouchées – VIII Pièces variées. IX Outillage lamellaire. Pointe azilienne. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 53(9), 547–59Google Scholar
Stanton, W.I. 1986. Cheddar Gorge and Gough's Cave. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 17(2), 121–8Google Scholar
Stapert, D. 2000. The Late Palaeolithic in the Northern Netherlands. In Valentin, et al. (eds) 2000, 175–95Google Scholar
Stapert, D. & Johansen, L. 1999. Flint and pyrite: making fire in the Stone Age. Antiquity 73(282), 765–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stapert, D. & Johansen, L. 2001. The Creswellian site at Zeijen (prov. of Drenthe, the Netherlands): an encampment with a probable tent ring. In Metz, W.H., van Beek, B.L. & Steegstra, H. (eds), Patina. Essays Presented to Jay Jordan Butler on the Occasion of his 80th birthday, 503–26. Groningen/Amsterdam: Metz, van Beek and SteegstraGoogle Scholar
Stodiek, U. 1987. Fussgönheim – Zwei spätjungpaläolithische Fundplätze in der Vorderpfalz. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 17, 31–41Google Scholar
Stodiek, U. 1991. Fussgönheim – two Late Upper Palaeolithic open air sites in the Rhine Valley near Mannheim. In Montet-White, A. (ed.), Les Bassins du Rhin et du Danube au Paléolithique Supérieur: environnement, habitat et systèmes d'échange, 92–101. Études et Recherches Archéologiques de l'Université de Liège (ERAUL), 43Google Scholar
Street, M. 2000. Aspects of Late Upper Palaeolithic settlement and chronology in northern Central Europe. In Valentin, et al. (eds) 2000, 55–71Google Scholar
Street, M. & Baales, M. 1997. Les groupes à Federmesser de l'Allerød en Rhénanie centrale (Allemagne). Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 94(3), 373–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Street, M., Baales, M. & Jöris, O. 1999. Beiträge zur Chronologie archäologischer Fundstellen des letzten Glacials im nördlichen Rheinland. In Becker-Haumann, R. & Frechen, M. (eds), Terrestrische Qartärgeologie, 426–65. Cologne: LogabookGoogle Scholar
Street, M., Baales, M. & Weninger, B. 1994. Absolute Chronologie des späten Paläolithikums und des Frühmesolithikums im nördlichen Rheinland. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 24(1), 1–28Google Scholar
Street, M. & Terberger, T. 1999. The last Pleniglacial and the human settlement of Central Europe: new information from the Rhineland site of Wiesbaden-Igstadt. Antiquity 73(280), 259–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stringer, C.B. 1986a. The hominid remains from Gough's Cave. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 17(2), 145–52Google Scholar
Stringer, C.B. 1986b. Direct dates for the fossil hominid record. In Gowlett, J.A.J. & Hedges, R.E.M. (eds), Archaeological Results from Accelerator Dating, 45–50. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology Monograph 11Google Scholar
Stringer, C.B. 1986c. The British fossil hominid record. In Collcutt, S.N. (ed.), The Palaeolithic of Britain and its Nearest Neighbours: recent trends, 59–61. University of Sheffield, Department of Archaeology and Prehistory: John R. CollisGoogle Scholar
Stringer, C.B. 2000. The Gough's Cave human fossils: an introduction. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum London (Geology) 56(2), 135–9Google Scholar
Stuiver, M., Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Beck, J.W., Burr, G.S., Hughen, K.A., Kromer, B., McCormac, G., Plicht, J. van der & Spurk, M. 1998. INTCAL98 Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 24,000–0 cal BP. Radiocarbon 40(3), 1041–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taute, W. 1968. Die Stielspitzen-Gruppen im nördlichen Mitteleuropa. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der späten Altsteinzeit. Köln, Böhlau: Fundamenta Reihe A, Band 5Google Scholar
Taylor, H. 1928. King Arthur's Cave, near Whitchurch, Ross-on-Wye. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 3(2), 59–83Google Scholar
Terberger, T. & Street, M. 2002. Hiatus or continuity? New results for the question of pleniglacial settlement in Central Europe. Antiquity 76(293), 691–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tixier, J. 1963. Typologie de l'Epipaléolithique du Maghreb. Algers and Paris: Mémoires du Centre de Recherches Anthropologiques, Préhistoriques et EthnographiquesGoogle Scholar
Tixier, J., Inizan, M.-L. & Roche, H. 1980. Préhistoire de la Pierre Taillée. I. Terminologie et Technologie. Valbonne: Cercle de Recherches et d'Études PréhistoriquesGoogle Scholar
Tratman, E.K. 1952. Amber from a Late Palaeolithic cave deposit at Gough”s Cave, Cheddar, Somerset. Cave Science 3(19), 128Google Scholar
Tratman, E.K. 1953. Amber from the Palaeolithic deposits at Gough's Cave, Cheddar. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 6(3), 223–7Google Scholar
Tratman, E.K. 1955. Second report on the excavations at Sun Hole, Cheddar: the Pleistocene levels. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 7(2), 61–70Google Scholar
Tratman, E.K. 1960. Gough's Old Cave, Cheddar, Somerset. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 9(1), 7–21Google Scholar
Tratman, E.K. 1976. A Late Upper Palaeolithic calculator (?), Gough's Cave, Cheddar, Somerset. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 14(2), 123–9Google Scholar
Tratman, E.K. 1977. A Late Upper Palaeolithic calculator (?) from Gough's Cave, Cheddar, Mendip. Proceedings of the 7th International Speleological Congress, Sheffield 1977, 398–9Google Scholar
Tratman, E.K., Donovan, D.T. & Musgrave, J.H. 1972. Gough's Cave, Cheddar, Somerset. Rescue dig, November 1968. Sections exposed in 1957. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 13(1), 49–60Google Scholar
Tratman, E.K. & Henderson, G.T.D. 1928. First report on the excavations at Sun Hole, Cheddar. Levels above the Pleistocene. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 3(2), 84–97Google Scholar
Tratman, E.K., Willmore, K.M. & Thorburn, M. 1926. Field work. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 2(3), 274–97Google Scholar
Valentin, B. & Pigeot, N. 2000. Éléments pour une chronologie des occupations magdaléniennes dans le Bassin parisien. In Valentin, et al. (eds) 2000, 129–38Google Scholar
Valentin, B., Bodu, P. & Christensen, M. (eds). 2000. L'Europe Centrale et Septentrionale au Tardiglaciaire: confrontation des modèles régionaux de peuplement. Mémoires du Musée de Préhistoire d'Ile-de-France 7Google Scholar
Wainwright, G.J. 1960. Three microlithic industries from south-west England and their affinities. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 26, 193–201CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, M.J.C., Bohncke, S.J.P., Coope, G.R., O'Connell, M., Usinger, H. & Verbruggen, C. 1994. The Devensian/Weichselian Late-glacial in northwest Europe (Ireland, Britain, north Belgium, The Netherlands, northwest Germany). Journal of Quaternary Science 9(2), 109–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, M.J.C., Coope, G.R., Sheldrick, C., Turney, C.S.M., Lowe, J.J., Blockley, S.P.E. & Harkness, D.D. 2003. Devensian Lateglacial environmental changes in Britain: a multi-proxy environmental record from Llanilid, South Wales UK. Quaternary Science Reviews 22(5–7), 475–520CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, M.J.C. & Harkness, D.D. 1990. Radiocarbon dating the Devensian Lateglacial in Britain: new evidence from Llanilid, South Wales. Journal of Quaternary Science 5(2), 135–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, L.H. 1958. Human remains from Flint Jack's Cave, Cheddar, Somerset. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 8(2), 83–8Google Scholar
West, D. 1997. Hunting Strategies in Central Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum. Oxford: British Archaeological Report S672CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilmsen, E.N. 1970. Lithic Analysis and Cultural Inference: a Paleo-Indian Case. Tucson: Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona 16Google Scholar