Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T13:10:26.802Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Hot Stone Technology at Bucklers Park, Crowthorne, Berkshire: The Use and Re-use of a Persistent Place During the Bronze and Iron Ages

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2021

Helen Chittock
Affiliation:
AOC Archaeology Group, Unit 7, St Margaret’s Business Park, Moor Mead Road, Twickenham, London TW1 1JS. Email: [email protected]
Robert Masefield
Affiliation:
RPS Consulting UK & Ireland, 20 Farringdon Street, London, EC4A 4AB. Email: [email protected]
Enid Allison
Affiliation:
Canterbury Archaeological Trust, 92a Broad Street, Canterbury, Kent CT1 2LU. Email: [email protected]
Anne Crone
Affiliation:
AOC Archaeology Group, Edgefield Road Industrial Estate, Loanhead, Midlothian, Scotland, EH20 9SY. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Derek Hamilton
Affiliation:
Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Rankine Avenue, East Kilbride, G75 0QF. Email: [email protected]
Suzi Richer
Affiliation:
Richer Environmental, Ragtag Arts, Unit 16, Mealbank Industrial Estate, Mealbank, Kendal, LA8 9DL. Email: [email protected]
Jackaline Robertson
Affiliation:
AOC Archaeology Group, Edgefield Road Industrial Estate, Loanhead, Midlothian, Scotland, EH20 9SY. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Alex Wood
Affiliation:
AOC Archaeology Group, Edgefield Road Industrial Estate, Loanhead, Midlothian, Scotland, EH20 9SY. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

Archaeological investigations at Bucklers Park in Crowthorne have revealed a window onto a significant later prehistoric place, which was used and revisited over 1700 years between the Early Bronze Age and later Iron Age (c. 1800–100 bc). Activity on site was based around the heating of water using fire-heated flint, producing three mounds of fire-cracked flint and burnt organic material. These ‘burnt mounds’ are known across later prehistoric Britain and Ireland, but the ways they may have been formed are uncertain, and they are arguably under-discussed in southern Britain. Whilst water was initially drawn from a stream, a series of wells were established at the site between the Middle Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, one of which contained a well-preserved log ladder. These wells were revisited and recut over long periods of time and during the Middle Iron Age the site’s function shifted dramatically when a roundhouse was constructed. The long-term use of the site, its excellent organic preservation, dating, and its location in a remote area on the Bagshot Heath, make it significant. This paper summarises the findings from the excavations, discussing the formation of the site in the context of wider research on later prehistoric burnt mounds.

Résumé

RÉSUMÉ

Technologie des pierres chaudes au parc de Bucklers, Crowthorne, Berkshire: utilisation et réutilisation d’un endroit persistant pendant des Âges du Bronze et du Fer, de Helen Chittock, Robert Masefield, Enid Allison, Anne Crone, Derek Hamilton, Suzi Richer, Jackaline Robertson et Alex Wood

Des investigations archéologiques au parc de Bucklers à Crowthorne ont révélé une fenêtre sur un lieu important de la préhistoire tardive qui fut utilisé et revisité sur 1700 ans entre le débût de l’Âge du bronze et la fin de l’Âge du Fer (env. 1800–100Av.J-C). L’activité sur le site se concentrait sur le chauffage de l’eau en utilisant des silex chauffés au feu, ce qui a produit trois tas de silex craqués par le feu et des matières organiques. Ces tertres sont connus à travers la préhistoire tardive en Grande Bretagne et en Irlande, mais les façons dont ils ont pu se former sont incertaines et ils sont sans conteste insuffisamment discutés en Grande Bretagne du sud. Tandis que l’eau était au début puisée dans un cours d’eau, une série de puits furent établis sur le site entre le milieu de l’Âge du Bronze et le début de l’Âge du Fer, un d’entre eux contenait une échelle en rondin bien préservée. Ces puits furent revisités et retaillés au cours de longues périodes de temps et pendant l’Âge du Fer moyen. La fonction du site a radicalement changé quand fut construite une maison ronde. La longévité de l’utilisation du site, son excellente préservation organique, sa datation et sa situation dans un coin reculé de la lande de Bagshot le rendent remarquable. Cet article résume les trouvailles des excavations discutant la formation du site dans le context de plus amples recherches sur les tertres brûlés de la préhistoire tardive.

Zusammenfassung

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Technologie mit heißen Steinen in Bucklers Park, Crowthorne, Berkshire: Die Nutzung und Wiedernutzung eines persistenten Ortes in der Bronze- und Eisenzeit, von Helen Chittock, Robert Masefield, Enid Allison, Anne Crone, Derek Hamilton, Suzi Richer, Jackaline Robertson und Alex Wood

Archäologische Untersuchungen in Bucklers Park in Crowthorne haben ein Fenster zu einem bedeutenden Ort der jüngeren Vorgeschichte geöffnet, der über 1700 Jahre zwischen der frühen Bronzezeit und der späteren Eisenzeit (ca. 1800–100 v. Chr.) genutzt und immer wieder aufgesucht wurde. Die Aktivitäten an diesem Ort konzentrierten sich auf das Erhitzen von Wasser mit Hilfe von feuererhitztem Feuerstein, wodurch drei Hügel aus durch Feuer gebrochenem Feuerstein und verbranntem organischem Material entstanden. Diese „Brandhügel“ sind im gesamten jüngerprähistorischen Großbritannien und Irland bekannt, aber die Art und Weise, wie sie entstanden sind, ist ungewiss, und sie sind in Südbritannien wohl zu wenig erforscht. Während das Wasser anfangs aus einem Bach geschöpft wurde, wurden zwischen der Mittleren Bronzezeit und der Frühen Eisenzeit eine Reihe von Brunnen an diesem Ort errichtet, von denen einer eine gut erhaltene Holzleiter enthielt. Diese Brunnen wurden über lange Zeiträume immer wieder aufgesucht und neu gegraben, und während der Mittleren Eisenzeit änderte sich die Funktion des Ortes deutlich, als ein Rundhaus errichtet wurde. Die langfristige Nutzung der Stätte, ihre hervorragende organische Erhaltung, die Datierung und ihre Lage in einem abgelegenen Gebiet in der Bagshot Heath machen sie bedeutsam. Dieser Aufsatz fasst die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen zusammen und diskutiert die Entstehung der Stätte im Kontext der breiteren Forschung über Brandhügel der jüngeren Vorgeschichte.

Resumen

RESUMEN

Tecnología “de las piedras calientes” en Bucklers Park, Crowthorne, Berkshire: uso y re-uso de un mismo lugar durante la Edad del Bronce y del Hierro, por Helen Chittock, Robert Masefield, Enid Allison, Anne Crone, Derek Hamilton, Suzi Richer, Jackaline Robertson y Alex Wood

Las investigaciones arqueológicas en Bucklers Park en Crowthorne han abierto una ventana a un importante yacimiento de la Prehistoria tardía, el cual fue utilizado y revisitado durante 1700 años entre el Bronce inicial y el final de la Edad del Hierro (c. 1800–100 BC). La actividad en el yacimiento estuvo centrada en el calentamiento del agua, utilizando pedernal calentado al fuego, produciendo tres montículos de sílex craquelado y material orgánico quemado. Estos “montículos quemados” se documentan a lo largo de toda la Prehistoria tardía en Gran Bretaña e Irlanda, pero los mecanismos por los cuales pudieron haberse formado son inciertos, y se encuentran también bajo discusión en el sur de Gran Bretaña. Si bien el agua se extraía inicialmente de un arroyo, se establecieron una serie de pozos en el sitio entre el Bronce Medio y la Primera Edad del Hierro, uno de los cuales contenía una escalera de troncos bien conservada. Estos pozos fueron revisados y recortados durante largos períodos de tiempo y a la mitad de la Edad del Hierro la funcionalidad del sitio se modifica dramáticamente cuando se construye un edificio circular. El uso a largo plazo del sitio, la excelente preservación del material arqueológico, la cronología, y su localización en un área remota de Bagshot Heath, lo hacen especialmente significativo. En este artículo se resumen los hallazgos de las excavaciones, discutiendo los procesos de formación del sitio en el contexto de una investigación más amplia centrada en este tipo de montículos adscritos al final de la Prehistoria.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Prehistoric Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allen, S. 2010. Woodworking technology. In Lewis et al. 2010, CD-RomGoogle Scholar
Andresen, S.T. & Karg, S. 2011. Retting pits for textile fibre plants at Danish prehistoric sites dated between 800 b.c. and a.d. 1050. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 20, 517–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bamforth, M. 2011. Appendix 5: The wood. In A. Pickstone & R. Mortimer, The Archaeology of Brigg’s Farm, Prior’s Fen, Thorney, Peterborough, 38–46. Cambridge: unpublished Report, Oxford ArchaeologyGoogle Scholar
Bamforth, M. 2020. Appendix K: Waterlogged worked wood. In J. Hart, T. Havard & P. Guarino, Cleevelands (Phase 1a/2a, Phase 1-4b, Pond D, Swales), Bishop’s Cleeve, Glos: Archaeological Excavation, 233–45. Cirencester: Cotswold ArchaeologyGoogle Scholar
Barfield, L. & Hodder, M. 1987. Burnt mounds as saunas, and the prehistory of bathing. Antiquity 61(233), 370–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beamish, M. & Ripper, S. 2000. Burnt mounds in the East Midlands. Antiquity 74, 3738 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
British Geological Survey. 1981. Windsor Sheet 269, Solid and Drift. Edition 1:50,000 SeriesGoogle Scholar
British Geological Survey. 2020. BGS Viewer. Available at: https://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html [Accessed: 09/07/2020]Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 2014. The Neolithic and Early Bronze Age: Resource Assessment. In Hey & Hind (eds) 2014, 87–109Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. 2008. Deposition models for chronological records. Quaternary Science Reviews 27, 4260 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. 2009. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 51, 337–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, A., David, S.R., Hatton, J., O’Brian, C., Reilly, F., Taylor, K., Dennehy, E., O’Donnell, L., Bermingham, N., Mighall, T., Timpany, S., Tetlow, E., Wheeler, J. & Wynne, S. 2016. The environmental context and function of burnt-mounds: New studies of Irish Fulachtaí Fiadh. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 82, 259–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buck, C.E., Cavanagh, W.G. & Litton, C.D. 1996. Bayesian Approach to Interpreting Archaeological Data. Chichester: Wiley Google Scholar
Buckley, V. 1990. Burnt Offerings: International contributions to burnt mound archaeology. Dublin: Wordwell Google Scholar
Champness, C., Donnelly, M., Davies, A. & Boothroyd, J. 2019. Bexhill to Hastings Link Road: Post-excavation assessment and updated project design. Oxford: unpublished report, Oxford Archaeology Google Scholar
Crank, N.A. 2013. Archaeology in Milton Keynes 2012. South Midlands Archaeology 43, 27–8Google Scholar
Davies, A. 2017. Social Organisation in the Upper and Middle Thames Valley from the Late Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age. Unpublished PhD thesis, Cardiff University Google Scholar
Doherty, A. 2019. The prehistoric pottery. In Westall & Chittock 2019, 53–5Google Scholar
Edwards, C. 2020. The Transport Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, Berkshire – Stage 5: An archaeological evaluation report. London: unpublished report, AOC Archaeology GroupGoogle Scholar
Ejstrud, B., Andresen, S., Appel, A., Gjerlevsen, S. & Thomsen, B. 2011. From Flax to Linen: Experiments with flax at Ribe Viking Centre. Esbjerg: University of Southern Denmark Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, A. 1997. Everyday life in Iron Age Wessex. In Gwilt, A. & Haselgrove, C. (eds), Reconstructing Iron Age Societies, 73–86. Oxford: Oxbow Monograph 71Google Scholar
Ford, S. 2007. Solent Thames Research Framework: Later Bronze Age and Iron Age Berkshire. Oxford: unpublished report, Oxford Archaeology. Available at: https://oxfordarchaeology.com/images/pdfs/Solent_Thames/County_resource_assessments/LBA_IA_Berks.pdf [Accessed: 25/02/2021]Google Scholar
Gardner, T.H. 2019. Assessing the contribution of integrated geoarchaeological approaches to understand the formation and function of burnt mounds: The example of Hoppenwood Bank, North Northumberland. Archaeological Journal 176(1), 5183 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrow, D. 2012. Odd deposits and average practice: A critical history of the concept of structured deposition. Archaeological Dialogues 18, 85115 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodburn, D. 2020. Late prehistoric woodwork. In R. Lane, An Iron Age enigma. Archaeological excavations at Turing College, Canterbury, Kent, 2013, 195–201. Canterbury: Canterbury Archaeological Trust Technical Report 3Google Scholar
Hamilton, D. & Kenney, J. 2015. Multiple Bayesian modelling approaches to a suite of radiocarbon dates from ovens excavated at Ysgol yr Hendre, Caernarfon, North Wales. Quaternary Geochronology 25, 7282 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, S. 2019a. The Must Farm Textiles: Part One. Introducing Bronze Age Textiles. Available at: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=wYPVdc0SpXo [Accessed: 31/07/2020]Google Scholar
Harris, S. 2019b. The Must Farm Textiles: Part Two. Must Farm’s Fibres and Fabrics. Available at: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=0m7mnNv0DYk [Accessed: 31/07/2020]Google Scholar
Harris, S. 2019c. The Must Farm Textiles: Part Three. Fibres and Fabrics – Quality and Technology. Available at: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=wNLa_zlosRY [Accessed: 31/07/2020]Google Scholar
Hart, J. & Mudd, A. 2015. Chapter 5: Nortoft Lane, Kilsby. In Masefield (ed.) 2015, 167–242CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkes, A. 2018. The Archaeology of Prehistoric Burnt Mounds in Ireland. Oxford: Archaeopress CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hey, G. & Hind, J. 2014. Solent-Thames Research Framework for the Historic Environment Resource Assessments and Research Agendas. Project Report. Oxford/Salisbury: Oxford Archaeology/Wessex Archaeology Google Scholar
Jessop, L. 1986. Dung Beetles and Chafers. Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea. London: Royal Entomological Society Google Scholar
Lambrick, G., Robinson, M. & Dodd, A. 2009. Thames through Time: The archaeology of the gravel terraces of the Upper and Middle Thames. Late prehistory: 1500 bcad 50. Oxford: Thames Valley Landscape Monograph 29Google Scholar
Lambrick, D. 2014. The Later Bronze Age and Iron Age: Resource Assessment. In Hey & J. Hind (eds) 2014, 115–47Google Scholar
Leivers, M. with Every, R. & Mepham, L. 2010. Prehistoric pottery. In Lewis et al. 2010, CD-RomGoogle Scholar
Lewis, J., Brown, F., Batt, A., Cooke, N., Barrett, J., Every, R., Mepham, L., Brown, K., Cramp, K., Lawson, A.J., Roe, F., Allen, S., Petts, D., McKinley, J.I., Carruthers, W.J., Challinor, D., Wiltshire, P., Robinson, M., Lewis, H.A. & Bates, M.R. 2006. Landscape Evolution in the Middle Thames Valley: Heathrow Terminal 5 Excavations Volume 1, Perry Oaks. Oxford/Salisbury: Framework Archaeology Monograph 1Google Scholar
Lewis, J., Leivers, M., Brown, L., Smith, A., Cramp, K., Mepham, L. & Phillpotts, C. 2010. Landscape Evolution in the Middle Thames Valley: Heathrow Terminal 5 Excavations Volume 2. Oxford/Salisbury: Framework Archaeology Monograph 3Google Scholar
Linford, N.T. 1995. Caesar’s Camp, Windsor Forest, Berkshire. Report on Geophysical Survey, October 1995. London: Ancient Monuments Laboratory Reports 46/95Google Scholar
Lock, G. & Ralston, I. 2017. Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland. Available at: https://hillforts.arch.ox.ac.uk Google Scholar
Lowe, J. 2013. Middle Bronze Age and Middle Iron Age Occupation and Post-medieval limekilns at RAF Staff Collage, Broad Lane, Bracknell, Berkshire. Reading: Thames Valley Archaeological Services Occasional Paper 3. Available at: http://tvas.co.uk/reports/pdf/OccasPap3onlineversion.pdf [Accessed: 24/10/2020]Google Scholar
Masefield, R., Branch, N., Couldrey, P., Goodburn, D. & Tyres, I. 2003. A Later Bronze Age well complex at Swalecliffe, Kent. Antiquaries Journal 83, 47121 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masefield, R. (ed.) 2015. Origins, Development and Abandonment of an Iron Age Village. Further Archaeological Investigations for the Daventry International Rail Freight Terminal, Crick & Kilsby, Northamptonshire 1993–2013 (DIRFT Volume II). Oxford: Archaeopress Google Scholar
Mudd, A. & Masefield, R. 2015. Middle Bronze Age Period 1.4. In Masefield (ed.) 2015, 249–50Google Scholar
Ó’Néill, J. 2009. Burnt Mounds in Northern and Western Europe: A study of prehistoric technology and society. Saarbrücken: Dr Müller Google Scholar
Oswald, A. 1997. A doorway on the past: Practical and mystical concerns in the orientation of roundhouse doorways. In Gwilt, A. & Haselgrove, C. (eds), Reconstructing Iron Age Societies, 87–95. Oxford: Oxbow Monograph 71Google Scholar
Oxford Archaeology. 2011. BHR Estate, Crowthorne, Berkshire. Oxford: unpublished report, Oxford Archaeology Google Scholar
Parker Pearson, M. & Sydes, R. 1997. The Iron Age enclosures and prehistoric landscape at Sutton Common, South Yorkshire. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 63, 221–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker Pearson, M. 2005. Bronze Age Britain. London: Batsford Google Scholar
Perrotti, A.G. & van Asperen, E. 2019. Dung fungi as a proxy for megaherbivores: Opportunities and limitations for archaeological applications. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 28, 93104 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pope, R.E. 2007. Ritual and the roundhouse: A critique of recent ideas on domestic space in later British prehistory. In Haselgrove, C. & Pope, R. (eds), The Earlier Iron Age in Britain and the near Continent, 204–28. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Poulton, R. 2012. Rivers and ritual deposition. In Hayman, G., Jones, P. & Poulton, R., Settlement Sites and Sacred Offerings: Prehistoric and later archaeology in the Thames Valley, near Chertsey, 22–6. London: Spoilheap Monograph 4Google Scholar
Pryor, F. 1978. Fengate, Peterborough, England: The Second Report. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum Archaeology Monograph 5Google Scholar
Raemen, E. 2019. The Fired Clay. In Westall & Chittock 2019, 55–6Google Scholar
Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Blackwell, P.G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Buck, C.E., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P.M., Guilderson, T.P., Haflidason, H., Hajdas, I., Hatté, C., Heaton, T.J., Hoffmann, D.L., Hogg, A.G., Hughen, K.A., Kaiser, K.F., Kromer, B., Manning, S.W., Niu, M., Reimer, R.W., Richards, D.A., Scott, E.M., Southon, J.R., Staff, R.A., Turney, C.S.M., & van der Plicht, J., 2013. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal bp . Radiocarbon 55, 1869–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richer, S. 2020. Analysis of Pollen from Meriden Quarry, Solihull, West Midlands. Kendal: unpublished report 20/04, Richer EnvironmentalGoogle Scholar
Robertson, J. 2019. Environmental assessment. In Westall & Chittock 2019, 59–61Google Scholar
Roy, L. 2019. Soil micromorphology. In Westall & Chittock 2019, 61–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sidell, J., Cotton, J., Rayner, L. & Wheeler, L. 2002. The Prehistory and Topography of Southwark and Lambeth. London: Museum of London Archaeological Service Monograph 14Google Scholar
Simmonds, A., Cook, S., Biddulph, E. & Score, D. 2009. Archaeology in the Park; Excavations at Jennett’s Park, Bracknell, Berkshire. Oxford: Oxford Archaeology Occasional Paper 18Google Scholar
Smith, D., Whitehouse, N., Bunting, M.J. & Chapman, H. 2010. Can we characterize ‘openness’ in the Holocene palaeoenvironmental record? Modern analogue studies of insect faunas and pollen spectra from Dunham Massey deer park and Epping Forest, England. The Holocene 20(2), 215–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, D., Nayyar, K., Schreve, D., Thomas, R. & Whitehouse, N. 2014. Can dung beetles from the palaeoecological and archaeological record indicate herd concentration and the identity of herbivores? Quaternary International 341, 112 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stukeley, W. 1724. Itenerarium Curiosum, or, An account of the antiquities, and remarkable curiosities in nature or art, observed in travels through Great Britain. London Google Scholar
Stuiver, M. & Polach, H.A. 1977. Reporting of 14C data. Radiocarbon 19, 355–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, M. 1995. The worked wood, 40–1. In A. Mudd, The excavation of a Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age site at Eight-Acre Field, Radley. Oxoniensia 60, 2165 Google Scholar
Thames Valley Archaeological Service. 2002. Transport Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, Berkshire. An Archaeological Evaluation. Reading: unpublished report, Thames Valley Archaeological Services Google Scholar
Thelin, V.H. 2007. Were Burnt Moulds Derived from Prehistoric Copper Production Activities? Unpublished MA Thesis, Durham University. Available at: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2478/ [Accessed: 05/05/2021]Google Scholar
Torrance, L. & Ford, S. 2003. A late Bronze Age burnt mound at Barkham Square, Wokingham 1992. In Preston, S. (ed.), Prehistoric, Roman and Saxon Sites in Eastern Berkshire, 8797. Reading: TVAS Monograph 2.Google Scholar
Townley, A. 2019. From retting pits to flaxen locks. Project Wildscape. Available at: https://projectwildscape.wordpress.com/2019/02/21/from-retting-pits-to-flaxen-locks/ [Accessed: 31/07/2020]Google Scholar
Wessex Archaeology. 1992. Wagbullock Bottom, Crowthorne: vegetational and land-use history. Salisbury: unpublished report, Wessex Archaeology.Google Scholar
Westall, S. & Chittock, H. 2019. Land at the Former Transport Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, Berkshire, Post-Excavation Assessment Report. London: unpublished report, AOC Archaeology GroupGoogle Scholar
Yates, D. 2007. Land, Power and Prestige: Bronze Age field systems in Southern England. Oxford: Oxbow Books CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Chittock et al. supplementary material

Chittock et al. supplementary material

Download Chittock et al. supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 377.8 KB