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Dorothy Garrod's Excavations in the Late Mousterian of Shukbah Cave in Palestine Reconsidered

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2014

Jane Callander
Jane Callander
Affiliation:
5 Sandra Court, Spencer Rd., Chiswick, London W4 3SU. e-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

Professor Dorothy A.E. Garrod's 1928 excavation of the Mousterian Layer D at Shukbah Cave in the Wadi en-Natuf (Palestine) has been neglected by prehistorians in favour of the Epipalaeolithic Layer B with its Natufian culture, for which Shukbah is the typesite. The excavation of Layer D is now re-examined with the aid of Garrod's own unpublished documentation and photographs, and the lithic industry analysed in the light of her conclusion that it was the work of a late Middle Palaeolithic hominid population, probably of Neanderthal type. Application of current analytical methods to approximately one half of the recovered assemblage confirms Garrod's correlation of the Shukbah Mousterian with Tabun Layer B in the later model for the Mount Carmel Levantine Palaeolithic succession. Comparison is made, and consistency demonstrated, with the late Mousterian industry of Kebara Cave (Mount Carmel, excavation 1982–90) and the Shukbah D assemblage is further considered in the wider regional context of approximately contemporary sites ranging from southern Jordan to northern Syria. Suggestions are made regarding future excavation at Shukbah.

Résumé

Les fouilles, effectuées par le Professeur Dorothy A.E. Garrod en 1928, de la couche moustérienne D de la grotte de Shukbah dans le Wadi en-Natuf (Palestine) ont été négligées par les préhistoriens en faveur de la couche B épipaléolithique et de sa culture natufienne, dont Shukbah est un site type. On rééxamine maintenant les fouilles de la couche D à l'aide des propres photographies et documents inédits de Garrod, et on analyse l'industrie lithique à la lumière de sa conclusion qu'il s'agissait du travail d'une population d'hominidés de la fin du paléolithique moyen, probablement de type Néanderthal.

En appliquant les méthodes analytiques courantes à environ la moitié de la collection recouvrée, on a pu confirmer la corrélation établie par Garrod entre le Moustérien de Shukbah et la couche B Tabun dans le modèle plus récent de la succession paléolithique Levantine du Mont Carmel. On fait la comparaison, et on démontre la cohérence, avec l'industrie du Moustérien tardif de la grotte de Kebara (Mont Carmel, fouillée entre 1982–90) enfin l'assemblage de Shukbah D est examiné plus en détail dans le contexte régional plus large de sites approximativement contemporains allant du sud de la Jordanie à la Syrie du Nord. On émet quelques suggestions quant à de futures excavations à Shukbah.

Zusammenfassung

Professor Dorothy A.E. Garrods Ausgrabung der Moustérien-Schicht D in der Shukbah Höhle im Wadi en-Natuf (Palästina) aus dem Jahr 1928 ist von Prähistorikern zugunsten der epi-paläolithischen Schicht (Natoufien-Kultur), für die die Shukbah die Schlüsselfundstelle darstellt, bisher vernachlässigt worden. Auf der Grundlage von Garrods eigener noch unpublizierter Dokumentation und Fotografien wurde die Ausgrabung der D-Schicht jetzt erneut untersucht. Vor dem Hintergrund von Garrods Aussagen, dass sie von einer späten mittelpaläolithischen Hominidenpopulation, wahrscheinlich vom Neanderthal-Typus, stammt, wurde die lithische Industrie erneut analysiert. Unter Anwendung neuester analytischer Methoden bei ungefähr der Hälfte des geborgenen Inventars, konnte für das spätere Modell der Mount Carmel Levantinischen paläolithischen Abfolge, Garrods Korrelation des Shukbah-Moustériens mit der Tabun-Schicht B bestätigt werden. In dem Beitrag wird ein Vergleich mit der späten Moustérien Industrie der Kebara Höhle (Mount Carmel, ausgegraben 1982–1990) durchgeführt und die Übereinstimmung gezeigt; zudem wird das Inventar von Shukbah D in den weiteren regionalen Kontext ungefähr gleichzeitiger Fundstellen gestellt, die vom südlichen Jordanien bis nach Nordsyrien reichen. Es wird angeregt, die Ausgrabungen in Shukbah fortzusetzen.

Résumen

La excavación llevada a cabo por la Profesora Dorothy A.E. Garrod en 1928 del estrato musteriense D en la Cueva de Shukbah en Wadi en-Natuf (Palestina) ha sido practicamente olvidada por los estudiosos de la prehistoria en favor del estrato Epipalaeolítico B con su cultura Natufia, de la que Shukbah es el yacimiento-tipo. La excavación del Estrato D ha sido ahora re-examinada con la ayuda de la documentación y fotografías inéditas de Garrod. Se ha analizado también la industria lítica con referencia a la conclusión de Garrod de que se trataba de la producción de una población homínida – probablemente de tipo Neándertal – en un periodo avanzado del Paleolítico Medio. La aplicación de los actuales métodos analíticos a aproximádamente la mitad del material recobrado confirma la correlación hecha por Garrod entre el musteriense de Shukbah y el Estrato B de Tabun, en el modelo más reciente propuesto para la serie del Paleolítico levantino del Monte Carmelo. Este trabajo compara, y demuestra la consistencia existente con la industria del Musteriense Tardío de la Cueva de Kebara (Monte Carmelo, excavada entre 1982–90) y considera el repertorio lítico de Shukbah D en el más amplio contexto regional de yacimientos aproximádamente contemporáneos en la zona que va desde el sur de Jordania al norte de Siria. El trabajo plantea una serie de sugerencias para futuras excavaciones en Shukbah.

Type
Research Article
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 70 , 2004 , pp. 207 - 231
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 2004

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