Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T16:05:19.979Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The sports drink as a functional food: formulations for successful performance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2007

R. J. Maughan
R. J. Maughan*
Affiliation:
University Medical School, Fosterhill, Aberdeen AB25 ZZD, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Professor R. J. Maughan, fax +44 (0)1224 662990, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Meeting Report
Information
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , Volume 57 , Issue 1 , February 1998 , pp. 15 - 23
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1998

References

Adopo, E, Perronet, F, Massicote, D, Brisson, G & Hilaire-Marcel, C (1994) Respective oxidation of exogenous glucose and fructose given in the same drink during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 76, 1014–1019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American College of Sports Medicine (1984) Position stand on prevention of thermal injuries during distance running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 16, ix–xiv.Google Scholar
Bar-Or, O & Wilk, B (1996) Water and electrolyte replenishment in the exercising child. International Journal of Sports Nutrition 6, 93–99.Google Scholar
Below, P, Mora-Rodriguez, R, Gonzalez-Alonso, J & Coyle, EF (1995) Fluid and carbohydrate ingestion independently improve performance during 1 h of intense cycling. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 27, 200–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blomstrand, E, Hassmen, P, Ekblom, B & Newsholme, EA (1991) Administration of branched-chain amino acids during endurance exercise – effects on performance and on plasma concentration of some amino acids. European Journal of Applied Physiology 63, 83–88.Google Scholar
Bosch, AN, Dennis, SC & Noakes, TD (1994) Influence of carbohydrate ingestion on fuel substrate turnover and oxidation during prolonged exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 76, 2364–2372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brener, W, Hendrix, TR & Mchugh, PR (1983) Regulation of the gastric emptying of glucose. Gastroenterology 85, 76–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, J & Gisolfi, CV (1989) Fluid replacement during and after exercise in the heat. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21, 532–539.Google Scholar
Coggan, AR & Coyle, EF (1988) Effect of carbohydrate feedings during high-intensity exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 65, 1703–1709.Google Scholar
Coggan, AR & Coyle, EF (1991) Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise: effects on metabolism and performance. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 19, 1–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costill, DL, Bennett, A, Branam, G & Eddy, D (1973) Glucose ingestion at rest and during prolonged exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 34, 764–769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costill, DL & Sparks, KE (1973) Rapid fluid replacement following thermal dehydration. Journal of Applied Physiology 34, 299–303.Google Scholar
Coyle, EF (1997) Fuels for sport performance. In Perspectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, vol. 10, Optimising Sport Performance, pp. 95–138 [Lamb, DR and Murray, R, editors]. Carmel: Benchmark Press.Google Scholar
Coyle, EF, Coggan, AR, Hemmert, MK & Ivy, JL (1986) Muscle utilization during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. Journal of Applied Physiology 61, 165–172.Google Scholar
Coyle, EF, Hagberg, JM, Hurley, BF, Martin, WH, Ehsani, A & Holloszy, JO (1983) Carbohydrate feeding during prolonged strenuous exercise can delay fatigue. Journal of Applied Physiology 55, 230–235.Google Scholar
Coyle, EF & Hamilton, M (1990) Fluid replacement during exercise: effects on physiological homeostasis and performance. In Perspectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, vol. 3, Fluid Homeostasis During Exercise, pp. 281–308 [Gisolfi, CV and Lamb, DR, editors]. Carmel: Benchmark Press.Google Scholar
Davis, JM (1996) Nutritional influences on central mechanisms of fatigue involving serotonin. In Biochemistry of Exercise, vol. 9, pp. 445–455 [Maughan, RJ and Shirreffs, SM, editors]. Champaign, IL.: Human Kinetics.Google Scholar
Davis, JM, Burgess, WA, Slentz, CA, Bartoli, WP & Pate, RR (1988) Effects of ingesting 6% and 12% glucose/electrolyte beverages during prolonged intermittent cycling in the heat. European Journal of Applied Physiology 57, 563–569.Google Scholar
Erickson, MA, Schwartzkopf, R & McKenzie, RD (1987) Effects of caffeine, fructose, and glucose ingestion on muscle glycogen utilisation during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 19, 579–583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farthing, MJG (1994) Oral rehydration therapy Pharmacological Therapeutics 64, 477–492.Google Scholar
Fordtran, JS (1975) Stimulation of active and passive sodium absorption by sugars in the human jejunum. Journal of Clinical Investigation 55, 728–737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freund, BJ, Montain, SJ, Young, AJ, Sawka, MN, DeLuca, JP, Pandolf, KB & Valeri, CR (1995) Glycerol hyperhydration: hormonal, renal and vascular fluid responses. Journal of Applied Physiology 79, 2069–2077.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frizell, RT, Lang, GH, Lowance, DC & Lathan, SR (1986) Hyponatraemia and ultramarathon running. Journal of the American Medical Association 255, 772–774.Google Scholar
Gisolfi, CV, Summers, RW & Schedl, HP (1990) Intestinal absorption of fluids during rest and exercise. In Perspectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, vol. 3, Fluid Homeostasis during Exercise, pp. 129–186 [Gisolfi, CV and Lamb, DR, editors]. Carmel: Benchmark Press.Google Scholar
Gleeson, M, Maughan, RJ & Greenhaff, PL (1986) Comparison of the effects of pre-exercise feeding of glucose, glycerol and placebo on endurance and fuel homeostasis in man. European Journal of Applied Physiology 55, 645–653.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gonzalez-Alonso, J, Heaps, CL & Coyle, EF (1992) Rehydration after exercise with common beverages and water. International Journal of Sports Medicine 13, 399–406.Google Scholar
Gregory, J, Foster, K, Tyler, H & Wiseman, M (1990) The Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults. London: H. M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Hargreaves, M & Briggs, CA (1988) Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on exercise metabolism. Journal of Applied Physiology 65, 1553–1555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hargreaves, M, Costill, DL, Coggan, A, Fink, WJ & Nishibata, I (1984) Effect of carbohydrate feedings on muscle glycogen utilisation and exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 16, 219–222.Google ScholarPubMed
Hiller, WDB (1989). Dehydration and hyponatraemia during triathlons. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21, S219–S221.Google ScholarPubMed
Hubbard, RW, Sandick, BL, Matthew, WT, Francesconi, RP, Sampson, JB, Durkot, MJ, Maller, O & Engel, DB (1984) Voluntary dehydration and alliesthesia for water. Journal of Applied Physiology 57, 868–875.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hubbard, RW, Szlyk, PC & Armstrong, LE (1990) Influence of thirst and fluid palatability on fluid ingestion during exercise. In Perspectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, vol. 3, Fluid Homeostasis during Exercise, pp. 39–95 [Gisolfi, CV and Lamb, DR, editors]. Carmel: Benchmark Press.Google Scholar
Ivy, J, Costill, DL, Fink, WJ & Lower, RW (1979) Influence of caffeine and carbohydrate feedings on endurance performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 11, 6–11.Google Scholar
Jones, BJM, Brown, BE, Loran, JS, Edgerton, D & Kennedy, JF (1983) Glucose absorption from starch hydrolysates in the human jejunum. Gut 24, 1152–1160.Google Scholar
Jones, BJM, Higgins, BE & Silk, DBA (1987) Glucose absorption from maltotriose and glucose oligomers in the human jejunum. Clinical Science 72, 409–414.Google Scholar
Lamb, DR & Brodowicz, GR (1986) Optimal use of fluids of varying formulations to minimize exercise-induced disturbances in homeostasis. Sports Medicine 3, 247–274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luetkemeier, MJ, Coles, M & Askew, EW (1997) Dietary sodium and plasma volume levels with exercise. Sports Medicine 23, 279–286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyons, T, Riedesel, ML, Meuli, LE & Chick, TW (1990) Effects of glycerol-induced hyperhydration prior to exercise in the heat on sweating and core temperature. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 22, 477–483.Google Scholar
Mcconnell, G, Fabris, S, Proietto, J & Hargreaves, M (1994) Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on glucose kinetics during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 77, 1537–1541.Google Scholar
Massicote, D, Péronnet, F, Brisson, G, Bakkouch, K & Hilairemarcel, C (1989) Oxidation of a glucose polymer during exercise: comparison with glucose and fructose. Journal of Applied Physiology 66, 179–183.Google Scholar
Maughan, RJ (1986) Exercise-induced muscle cramp: a prospective biochemical study in marathon runners. Journal of Sports Science 4, 31–34.Google Scholar
Maughan, RJ (1994) Fluid and electrolyte loss and replacement in exercise. In Oxford Textbook of Sports Medicine, pp. 82–93 [Harries, M, Williams, C, Stanish, WD and Micheli, LL, editors]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Maughan, RJ, Bethell, L & Leiper, JB (1996) Effects of ingested fluids on homeostasis and exercise performance in man. Experimental Physiology 81, 847–859.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maughan, RJ, Fenn, CE, Gleeson, M & Leiper, JB (1987) Metabolic and circulatory responses to the ingestion of glucose polymer and glucose/electrolyte solutions during exercise in man. European Journal of Applied Physiology 56, 356–362.Google Scholar
Maughan, RJ & Leiper, JB (1995) Effects of sodium content of ingested fluids on post-exercise rehydration in man. European Journal of Applied Physiology 71, 311–319.Google Scholar
Maughan, RJ, Owen, JH, Shirreffs, SM & Leiper, JB (1994) Post-exercise rehydration in man: effects of electrolyte addition to ingested fluids. European Journal of Applied Physiology 69, 209–215.Google Scholar
Mitchell, JB, Costill, DL, Houmard, JA, Flynn, MG, Fink, WJ & Beltz, JD (1988) Effects of carbohydrate ingestion on gastric emptying and exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 20, 110–115.Google Scholar
Montner, P, Stark, DM, Riedesel, ML, Murata, G, Robergs, R, Timms, M & Chick, TW (1996) Pre-exercise glycerol hydration improves cycling endurance time. International Journal of Sports Medicine 17, 27–33.Google Scholar
Murray, R (1987) The effects of consuming carbohydrate-electrolyte beverages on gastric emptying and fluid absorption during and following exercise. Sports Medicine 4, 322–351.Google Scholar
Murray, R, Eddy, DE, Murray, TW, Seifert, JG, Paul, GL & Halaby, GA (1987) The effect of fluid and carbohydrate feedings during intermittent cycling exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 19, 597–604.Google Scholar
Nadel, ER, Mack, GW & Nose, H (1990) Influence of fluid replacement beverages on body fluid homeostasis during exercise and recovery. In Perspectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, vol. 3, Fluid Homeostasis during Exercise, pp 181–205 [Gisolfi, CV and Lamb, DR, editors]. Carmel: Benchmark Press.Google Scholar
Newsholme, EA & Castell, LM (1996) Can amino acids influence exercise performance in athletes? In The Physiology and Pathophysiology of Exercise Tolerance, pp. 269–274 [Steinacker, JM and Ward, SA, editors]. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielsen, B, Sjogaard, G, Ugelvig, J, Knudsen, B & Dohlmann, B (1986) Fluid balance in exercise dehydration and rehydration with different glucose-electrolyte drinks. European Journal of Applied Physiology 55, 318–325.Google Scholar
Noakes, TD (1990) The dehydration myth and carbohydrate replacement during prolonged exercise. Cycling Science 1, 23–29.Google Scholar
Noakes, TD (1993) Fluid replacement during exercise. In Exercise and Sports Science Reviews, vol. 21, pp. 297–330 [Holloszy, JO, editor]. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Noakes, TD, Goodwin, N, Rayner, BL, Branken, T & Taylor, RKN (1985) Water intoxication: a possible complication during endurance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 17, 370–375.Google Scholar
Noakes, TD, Norman, RJ, Buck, RH, Godlonton, J, Stevenson, K & Pittaway, D (1990) The incidence of hyponatremia during prolonged ultraendurance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 22, 165–170.Google ScholarPubMed
Nose, H, Mack, GW, Shi, X & Nadel, ER (1988 a) Role of osmolality and plasma volume during rehydration in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 65, 325–331.Google Scholar
Nose, H, Mack, GW, Shi, X & Nadel, ER (1988 b) Involvement of sodium retention hormones during rehydration in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 65, 332–336.Google Scholar
Pirnay, F, Crielaard, JM, Pallikarakis, N, Lacroix, M, Mosora, F, Krzentowski, G, Luyckx, AS & Lefebvre, PJ (1982) Fate of exogenous glucose during exercise of different intensities in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 53, 1620–1624.Google Scholar
Pirnay, F, Lacroix, M, Mosora, F, Luyckx, A & Lefebvre, P (1977) Glucose oxidation during prolonged exercise evaluated with naturally labeled [13C]glucose. Journal of Applied Physiology 43, 258–261.Google Scholar
Rehrer, NJ (1990) Limits to Fluid Availability During Exercise. Haarlem, The Netherlands: De Vriesebosch.Google Scholar
Riedesel, ML, Allen, DL, Peake, GT & Al-Qattan, K (1987) Hyperhydration with glycerol solutions. Journal of Applied Physiology 63, 2262–2268.Google Scholar
Sasaki, H, Maeda, J, Usui, S & Ishiko, T (1987) Effect of sucrose and caffeine ingestion on performance of prolonged stren uous running. International Journal of Sports Medicine 8, 261–265.Google Scholar
Sawka, MN & Pandolf, KB (1990) Effects of body water loss on physiological function and exercise performance. In Perspectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, vol. 3. Fluid Homeostasis during Exercise, pp. 1–38 [Gisolfi, CV and Lamb, DR, editors]. Carmel: Benchmark Press.Google Scholar
Shi, X, Summers, RW & Schedl, HP (1995) Effect of Carbohydrate type and concentration and solution osmolality on water absorption. Journal of Applied Physiology 27, 1607–1615.Google Scholar
Shirreffs, SM & Maughan, RJ (1997) Whole body sweat collection in man: an improved method with some preliminary data on electrolyte composition. Journal of Applied Physiology 82, 336–341.Google Scholar
Shirreffs, SM, Taylor, AJ, Leiper, JB & Maughan, RJ (1996) Post-exercise rehydration in man: effects of volume consumed and sodium content of ingested fluids. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 28, 1260–1271.Google Scholar
Spiller, RC, Jones, BJM, Brown, BE & Silk, DBA (1982) Enhancement of carbohydrate absorption by the addition of sucrose to enteric diets. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 6, 321.Google Scholar
Spriet, LL (1997) Ergogenic aids: recent advances and retreats. In Perspectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, vol. 10, Optimising Sport Peformance, pp. 185–238 [Lamb, DR and Murray, R, editors]. Carmel: Benchmark Press.Google Scholar
Szlyk, PC, Sils, IV, Francesconi, RP, Hubbard, RW & Armstrong, LE (1989) Effects of water temperature and flavoring on voluntary dehydration in men. Physiology and Behavior 45, 639–647.Google Scholar
Tsintzsas, OK, Liu, R, Williams, C, Campbell, I & Gaitanos, G (1993) The effect of carbohydrate ingestion on performance during a 30-km race. International Journal of Sport Nutrition 3, 127–139.Google Scholar
van hall, G, Raaymakers, JSH, Saris, WHM & Wagenmakers, AJM (1995) Ingestion of branched-chain amino acids and tryptophan during sustained exercise – failure to affect performance. Journal of Physiology 486, 789–794.Google Scholar
Vamier, M, Sarto, P, Martines, D, Lora, L, Carmignoto, F, Leese, G & Naccarato, R (1994) Effect of infusing branched-chain amino acids during incremental exercise with reduced muscle glycogen content. European Journal of Applied Physiology 69, 26–31.Google Scholar
Verger, PH, Aymard, P, Cynobert, L, Anton, G & Luigi, R (1994) Effects of administration of branched-chain amino acids vs. glucose during acute exercise in the rat. Physiology and Behavior 55, 523–526.Google Scholar
Vist, GE & Maughan, RJ (1994) The effect of increasing glucose concentration on the rate of gastric emptying in man. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 26, 1269–1273.Google Scholar
Vist, GE & Maughan, RJ (1995) The effect of osmolality and carbohydrate content on the rate of gastric emptying of liquids in man. Journal of Physiology 486, 523–531.Google Scholar
Wagenmakers, AJM, Brouns, F, Saris, WH & Halliday, D (1993) Oxidation rates of orally ingested carbohydrates during prolonged exercise in men. Journal of Applied Physiology 75, 2774–2780.Google Scholar
Wapnir, RA & Lifshitz, F (1985) Osmolality and solute concentration-their relationship with oral rehydration solution effectiveness: an experimental assessment. Pediatric Research 19, 894–898.Google Scholar
Williams, MH (1985) Nutritional Aspects of Human Physical and Athletic Performance. Springfield, IL: CC Thomas.Google Scholar
Wilson, WM & Maughan, RJ (1992) A role for serotonin in the genesis of fatigue in man: administration of a 5-hydroxytryptamine reuptake inhibitor (Paroxetine) reduces the capacity to perform prolonged exercise. Experimental Physiology 77, 921–924.Google Scholar