Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T14:15:39.254Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Salvage of urea-nitrogen and protein requirements

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2007

Alan A. Jackson
Affiliation:
Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Symposium on ‘Nitrogen transactions in the gut’
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1995

References

Aqvist, S. E. G. (1951). Metabolic relationships among amino acids studied with isotopic nitrogen. Acta Chemica Scandinavica 5, 10461064.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briggs, M. H. (1967). Urea as a Protein Supplement. London: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
El-Khouri, A. E., Fukagawa, N. K., Sanchez, M., Tsay, R. H., Gleason, R. E., Chapman, T. E. & Young, V. R. (1994). Validation of the tracer balance concept with reference to leucine: 24-h intravenous tracer studies with L-[1–13C]leucine and [15N15N]urea. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59, 10001011.Google Scholar
Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University (1985). Energy and Protein Requirements. Report of a Joint Expert Consultation. Technical Report Series no. 724. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Furst, P., Jonsson, A., Josephson, B. & Vinnars, E. (1970). Distribution in muscle and liver vein protein of 15N administered as ammonium acetate to man. Journal of Applied Physiology 29, 307312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furst, P., Josephson, B., Maschio, G. & Vinnars, E. (1969). Nitrogen balance after intravenous and oral administration of ammonium salts to man. Journal of Applied Physiology 26, 1322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giordano, C., de Pascale, C., Baliestrieri, C., Cittadini, D. & Crescenzi, A. (1968). Incorporation of urea 15N in amino acids of patients with chronic renal failure on low nitrogen diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 21, 394404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hegsted, D. M. (1976). Balance studies. Journal of Nutrition 106, 307311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hibbert, J. M. & Jackson, A. A. (1991). Variation in measures of urea kinetics over four years in a single adult. European Journal of clinical Nutrition 45, 347351.Google Scholar
Jackson, A. A. (1982). Amino acids: essential and non-essential? Lancet i, 10341037.Google Scholar
Jackson, A. A. (1991). The glycine story. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 5965.Google ScholarPubMed
Jackson, A. A. (1993). Chronic malnutrition: protein metabolism. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 52,110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, A. A. (1994). Urea as a nutrient: bioavailability and role in nitrogen economy. Archives of Disease in Childhood 70, 34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, A. A., Danielsen, M. S. & Boyes, S. (1993). A non-invasive method for measuring urea kinetics with a single dose of [15N15N-]urea in free-living humans. Journal of Nutrition 123, 21292136.Google Scholar
Jackson, A. A. & Golden, M. H. N. (1981). Deamination versus transamination. In Nitrogen Metabolism in Man, pp. 203213 [Waterlow, J. C. and Stephen, J. M. L., editors]. Barking: Applied Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Jackson, A. A., Picou, D. & Landman, J. (1984). The non-invasive measurement of urea kinetics in normal man by a constant infusion of 15N15N-urea. Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition 38C, 339354.Google Scholar
Jackson, A. A. & Wootton, S. A. (1990). The energy requirements of growth and catch-up growth. In Activity, Energy Expenditure and Energy Requirements of Infants and Children, pp. 185214 [Schurch, B. and Scrimshaw, N. S., editors]. Switzerland: International Dietary Energy Consultative Group.Google Scholar
Kies, C. (1972). Nonspecific nitrogen in the nutrition of human beings. Federation Proceedings 31, 11721177.Google ScholarPubMed
Kies, C. & Fox, H. M. (1978). Urea as a dietary supplement for humans. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 105, 103118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Korslund, M. K., Kies, C. & Fox, H. M. (1977). Protein nutrition values of urea supplementation of opaque-2 corn for adolescent boys. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 30, 371374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langran, M., Moran, B. J., Murphy, J. L. & Jackson, A. A. (1992). Adaptation to a diet low in protein: effect of complex carbohydrate upon urea kinetics in normal man. Clinical Science 82, 191198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marchini, J. S., Cortiella, J., Hiramatsu, T., Chapman, T. E. & Young, V. R. (1993). Requirements for indispensable amino acids in adult humans: longer-term amino acid kinetic study with support for the adequacy of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology amino acid requirement pattern. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 58, 670683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meakins, T. & Jackson, A. A. (1994). Urea appearance: critical determinant of urea-nitrogen salvage on a low-protein diet. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 53, 196A.Google Scholar
Millward, D. J. (1992). The metabolic basis of amino acid requirements. In Protein–Energy Interactions, pp.3156 [Scrimshaw, N. S. and Schurch, B., editors]. Switzerland: International Dietary Energy Consultative Group.Google Scholar
Nissim, I., Yudkof, F. M., Yang, W., Terwilliger, T. & Segal, S. (1981). Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry determination of [15N]ammonia enrichment in blood and urine. Analytical Biochemistry 114, 125130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reeds, P. J. (1988). Nitrogen metabolism and protein requirements. In Comparative Nutrition, pp. 5572 [Blaxter, K. and Macdonald, I., editors]. London: John Libbey.Google Scholar
Rose, W. C. (1957). The amino acid requirements of adult man. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews 27, 631647.Google ScholarPubMed
Stevens, C.E. (1988). Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system. In Comparative Nunition, pp. 2136 [Blaxter, K. and Macdonald, I., editors]. London: John Libbey.Google Scholar
Tanaka, N. (1982). Urea utilization in protein deficient rats. Journal of Japanese Society of Nutrition und Food Science 35, 175180.Google Scholar
Tanaka, N., Kubo, K., Shiraki, K., Koishi, H. & Yoshimura, H. (1980). A pilot study on protein metabolism in the Papua New Guinea Highlanders. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 26, 247259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torrallardona, D., Harris, C. I., Milne, E. & Fuller, M. F. (1993 a). Contribution of intestinal microflora to lysine requirements in non-ruminants. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 52, 153A.Google Scholar
Torrallardona, D., Harris, C. I., Milne, E., Ronaasen, V., Coates, M. E. & Fuller, M. F. (1993 b). Contribution of intestinal microflora to lysine requirements in rats. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 52, 368A.Google Scholar
Waterlow, J. C. (1968). Observations on the mechanisms of adaptation to low protein intakes. Lancet ii, 10911097.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waterlow, J. C. & Payne, P. R. (1975). The protein gap. Nature 258, 113117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waterlow, J. C. & Stephen, J. M. L. (1981). Nitrogen Metabolism in Man. Barking: Applied Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Wrong, O. M. (1988). Bacterial metabolism of protein and endogenous nitrogen compounds. In Role of the Gut Flora in Toxicity and Cancer, pp. 227262 [Rowkind, I. R., editor]. New York: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wrong, O. M., Vince, A. J. & Waterlow, J. C. (1985). The contribution of endogenous urea to faecal ammonia in man, determined by 15N labelling of plasma urea. Clinical Science 68, 193199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, V. R., Bier, D. M. & Pellet, P. L. (1989). A theoretical basis for increasing current estimates of the amino acid requirements in adult man, with experimental support. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 8092.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed