Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T09:40:27.109Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Placental corticotrophin-releasing hormone: activator of the pituitary–adrenal axis in human pregnancy?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2007

E. A. Linton
Affiliation:
Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 228, Reading RG6 2AJ
C. D. A. Wolfe
Affiliation:
Department of Community Medicine, St Thomas's Hospital, LondonSE1 7EH
P. J. Lowry
Affiliation:
Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 228, Reading RG6 2AJ
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Symposium on ‘Recent research on the placenta’
Copyright
The Nutrition Society

References

Allolio, B., Hoffman, J., Linton, E. A., Winkelmann, W., Kusche, M. & Schulte, H. M. (1990). Diurnal salivary cortisol patterns during pregnancy and after delivery; relationship to plasma CRH. Clinical Endocrinology 33, 279291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bischof, P., Duberg, S., Herrmann, W. & Sizonenko, P. C. (1982). Amniotic fluid and plasma concentrations of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) throughout pregnancy: comparison with other feto placental products. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 89, 358363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, E. A., Linton, E. A., Wolfe, C. D. A., Scraggs, P. R., Jones, M. T. & Lowry, P. J. (1987). Plasma CRH concentrations during pregnancy and parturition. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 64, 10541059.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carr, B. R., Parker, C. R., Madden, J. D., Macdonald, P. C. & Porter, J. C. (1981). Maternal plasma adrenocorticotrophin and cortisol relationships throughout human pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 139, 416422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demey-Ponsart, E., Foidart, J. M., Sulon, J. & Sodoyez, J. C. (1982). Serum CBG, free and total cortisol and circadian patterns of adrenal function in normal pregnancy. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 16, 165169.Google Scholar
Frim, D. F., Emanuel, R. L., Robinson, B. G., Smas, C. M., Adler, G. K. & Majzoub, J. (1988). Characterization and gestational regulation of CRH messengerRNA in human placenta. Journal of Clinical Investigation 82, 287292.Google Scholar
Genazzani, A. R., Fraioli, F., Hurlimann, J., Fioretti, P. & Felber, J. P. (1975). Immunoreactive ACTH and cortisol plasma levels during pregnancy. Detection and partial purification of corticotrophin-like placental hormone: the human chorionic corticotrophin. Clinical Endocrinology 4, 114.Google Scholar
Goland, R. S., Stark, R. I. & Wardlaw, S. L. (1990). Response to CRH during pregnancy in the baboon. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 70, 925929.Google Scholar
Goland, R. S., Wardlaw, S. L., Stark, R. I., Brown, L. S. & Frantz, A. G. (1986). High levels of CRH imniunoreactivity in maternal and fetal plasma during pregnancy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 63, 11991203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grino, M., Chrousos, G. P. & Margioris, A. N. (1987). The corticotrophin releasing hormone gene is expressed in human placenta. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 148, 12081214.Google Scholar
Jones, S. A., Brooks, A. N. & Challis, J. R. G. (1989). Steroids modulate CRH production in human fetal membranes and placenta. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 68, 825830.Google Scholar
Krieger, D. T. (1982). Placenta as a source of brain and pituitary hormones. Biology of Reproduction 26, 5571.Google Scholar
Laatikainen, T., Virtanen, T., Raisanen, I. & Salminen, K. (1987). Immunoreactive CRH and ACTH in plasma during pregnancy, labour and puerperium. Neuropeptides 10, 343353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linton, E. A., Behan, D. P., Saphier, P. W. & Lowry, P. J. (1990). CRH-binding protein: reduction in the adrenocorticotrophin-releasing activity of placental but not hypothalamic CRH. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 70, 15741580.Google Scholar
Linton, E. A. & Lowry, P. J. (1986). A large molecular carrier substance for CRF-41 in human plasma. Journal of Endocrinology 111, 150.Google Scholar
Linton, E. A., McLean, F., Nieuwenhuyzen Kruseman, A. C., Tilders, F. J., Van der Veen, E. A. & Lowry, P. J. (1987 a). Direct measurement of human plasma CRH by ‘two-site’ immunoradiometric assay. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 64, 10471053.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linton, E. A., Nieuwenhuyzen Kruseman, A. C., Wolfe, C. D. A., Campbell, E. A. & Lowry, P. J. (1987 b). Distribution of immunoreactive CRH in man. Hormone and Metabolic Research 16, Suppl., 3842.Google Scholar
Linton, E. A., Wolfe, C. D. A., Behan, D. P. & Lowry, P. J. (1988). A specific carrier substance for human CRF in late gestational maternal plasma which could mask the ACTH-releasing activity. Clinical Endocrinology 28, 315324.Google Scholar
Nicolaides, K. H., Economides, D. L. & Soothill, P. W. (1989). Blood gases, pH and lactate in appropriate and small for gestational-age fetuses. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 161, 9961001.Google Scholar
Nolten, W. E. & Rueckert, P. A. (1981). Elevated free cortisol index in pregnancy: possible regulatory mechanisms. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 139, 492498.Google Scholar
Orth, D. N. & Mount, C. D. (1987). Specific high affinity binding protein for human CRH in normal human plasma. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 143, 411417.Google Scholar
Petraglia, F., Giardino, L., Coukos, G., Calza, L., Vale, W. & Genazzani, A. (1990). CRF and parturition: plasma and amniotic fluid levels and placental binding sites. Obstetrics and Gynaecology 75, 784789.Google Scholar
Petraglia, F., Sawchenko, P. E., Rivier, J. & Vale, W. (1987). Evidence for local stimulation of ACTH secretion by CRF in human placenta. Nature 328, 717719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petraglia, F., Sutton, S. & Vale, W. (1989). Neurotransmitters and peptides modulate the release of immunoreactive CRH from cultured human placental cells. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 160, 247251.Google Scholar
Rees, L. H., Burke, C. W., Chard, T., Evans, S. E. & Letworth, A. T. (1975). Possible placental origin of ACTH in normal human pregnancy. Nature 254, 620622.Google Scholar
Robinson, B. G., Emanuel, R. L., Frim, D. M. & Majzoub, J. A. (1988). Glucocorticoid stimulates expression of CRH gene in human placenta. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, U.S.A. 85, 52445248.Google Scholar
Romero, R., Brody, D. T., Oyarzun, E., Mazor, M., Wu, Y. K., Hobbins, J. C. & Durum, S. K. (1989). Infection and labour. Interleukin 1: a signal for the onset of parturition. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 160, 11171123.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, H. E., Slaunwhite, W. R. & Sandberg, A. A. (1969). Transcortin: a corticosteroid-binding protein of plasma. X. Cortisol and progesterone interplay and unbound levels of these steroids in pregnancy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 29, 352367.Google Scholar
Saijonmaa, O., Laatikainen, T. & Wahlstrom, T. (1988). CRF in human placenta: localization, concentration and release in vitro. Placenta 9, 373385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sasaki, A, Liotta, A. S., Luckey, M. M., Margioris, A. N., Suda, T. & Krieger, D. (1984). Immunoreactive corticotrophin releasing factor is present in human maternal plasma during the third trimester of pregnancy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 59, 812814.Google Scholar
Sasaki, A, Shinkawa, O., Margioris, A. N., Liotta, A. S., Sato, S., Murakami, O., Meigan, G., Shimizu, Y., Hanew, K. & Yoshinaga, K. (1987). Immunoreactive CRH in human plasma during pregnancy, labour and delivery. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 64, 224229.Google Scholar
Schulte, H. M., Weisner, D. & Allolio, B. (1990). The CRH test in late pregnancy: lack of adrenocorticotrophin and cortisol response. Clinical Endocrinology 33, 99106.Google Scholar
Shibahara, S., Morimoto, Y., Furatani, Y., Notake, M., Takahashi, H., Shimizu, S., Horikawa, S. & Numa, S. (1983). Isolation and sequence analysis of the human corticotrophin-releasing factor precursor gene. EMBO Journal 2, 775.Google Scholar
Shibasaki, T., Odagiri, E., Shizume, K. & Ling, N. (1982). CRF-like activity in human placental extract. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 55, 384386.Google Scholar
Smith, R., Bischof, P., Hughes, G. & Klopper, A. (1979). Studies on pregnancy-associated plasma protein A in the third trimester of pregnancy. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 86, 882887.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stalla, G. K., Bost, H., Kaliebe, T., von Werder, K. & Muller, O. A. (1986). Human placental CRH is identical to hypothalamic CRH. Acta Endocrinologica 274, Suppl., 169170.Google Scholar
Stalla, G. K., Hartwimmer, J., von Werder, K. & Muller, O. A. (1984). Ovine and human CRF in man: CRF stimulation and CRF immunoreactivity. Acta Endocrinologica 106, 289297.Google Scholar
Suda, T., Iwashita, M., Tozawa, F., Ushiyama, T., Tomori, N., Sumitomo, T., Nakagami, Y., Demura, H. & Shizume, K. (1988). Characterization of CRH binding protein in human plasma by chemical cross-linking and its binding during pregnancy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 67, 12781283.Google Scholar
Vale, W., Spiess, J., Rivier, C. & Rivier, J. (1981). Characterization of a 41-residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of corticotropin and β-endorphin. Science 213, 13941397.Google Scholar
Vale, W., Vaughan, J., Smith, M., Yamamoto, G., Rivier, J. & Rivier, C. (1983). Effects of synthetic ovine CRH, glucocorticoids, catecholamines, neurohypophyseal peptides and other substances on cultured corticotropic cells. Endocrinology 113, 11211131.Google Scholar
Webster, E. L., Battaglia, G. & De Souza, E. B. (1989). Functional CRF receptors in mouse spleen: evidence from adenylate cyclase studies. Peptides 10, 395401.Google Scholar
Wintour, E. M., Bell, R. J., Carson, R. S., MacIsaac, R. J., Tregear, G. W., Vale, W. & Wang, X. M. (1986). Effect of long term infusion of ovine CRF in the immature ovine fetus. Journal of Endocrinology 111, 469475.Google Scholar
Wolfe, C. D. A. & Linton, E. A. (1990). Stress signals from the mother, fetus and placenta. Contemporary Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2, 18.Google Scholar
Wolfe, C. D. A., Patel, S. P., Campbell, E. A., Linton, E. A., Anderson, J., Lowry, P. J. & Jones, M. T. (1988 a). Plasma corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) in normal pregnancy. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 95, 9971002.Google Scholar
Wolfe, C. D. A., Patel, S. P., Linton, E. A., Campbell, E. A., Anderson, J., Dornhorst, A., Lowry, P. J. & Jones, M. T. (1988 b). Plasma CRH in abnormal pregnancy. .British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 95, 10031006.Google Scholar
Wolfe, C. D. A., Quartero, H. W. P., Carabelli, P., Linton, E. A., Campbell, E. A., Hutt, E., Achtereekte, H. & Lowry, P. J. (1989). Variation of maternal plasma CRF in pregnancy and labour. Journal of Gynaecological Endocrinology 4, 1518.Google Scholar