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Manipulating meat quality and composition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2007

J. D. Wood ,
M. Enser ,
A. V. Fisher ,
G. R. Nute ,
R. I. Richardson  and
P. R. Sheard
J. D. Wood*
Affiliation:
Division of Food Animal Science, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
M. Enser
Affiliation:
Division of Food Animal Science, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
A. V. Fisher
Affiliation:
Division of Food Animal Science, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
G. R. Nute
Affiliation:
Division of Food Animal Science, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
R. I. Richardson
Affiliation:
Division of Food Animal Science, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
P. R. Sheard
Affiliation:
Division of Food Animal Science, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Dr J. D. Wood, fax +44 (0)117 928 9324, email [email protected]
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Abstract

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Meat quality describes the attractiveness of meat to consumers. The present paper focuses on two major aspects of meat quality, tenderness and flavour. Both aspects of quality can be influenced by nutrition, principally through its effects on the amount and type of fat in meat. In several countries, high levels of intramuscular fat (marbling fat), i.e. above 30 g/kg muscle weight in longissimus, are deemed necessary for optimum tenderness, although poor relationships between fat content and tenderness have generally been found in European studies, where fat levels are often very low, e.g. below 10 g/kg in UK pigs. Muscle lipid may be a marker for red oxidative (type 1) muscle fibres which are found at higher concentrations in tender muscles and carcasses. Nutritional treatment can be used to manipulate the fatty acid content of muscle to improve nutritional balance, i.e. increase the polyunsaturated (PUFA) : saturated fatty acid value and reduce the n−6 : n−3 PUFA value. Increasing PUFA levels may also change flavour because of their greater susceptibility to oxidative breakdown and the generation of abnormal volatile compounds during cooking. This situation particularly applies to the n−3 PUFA which are the most unsaturated meat lipids. In pigs, a concentration of 3 mg α-linolenic acid (18 : 3)/100 mg in muscle and fat tissue fatty acids can easily be achieved by including whole linseed in the diet. This level has led to abnormal odours and flavours in some studies, but not in others. In cattle and sheep, feeding whole linseed raised 18 : 3 concentrations in muscle fatty acids from about 0.7 mg/100 mg to > 1 mg/100 mg. As with pigs, this diet also increased levels of long-chain n−3 PUFA formed from 18 : 3, including eicosapentaenoic acid (20 : 5). Although this increase led to greater oxidative breakdown of lipids during storage and the generation of large quantities of lipid-derived volatile compounds during cooking, there were no deleterious effects on odour or flavour. When 18 : 3 levels are raised in lamb and beef because of grass feeding, the intensity of the flavours increases in comparison with grain-fed animals which consume and deposit relatively more linoleic acid (18 : 2). In ruminants, very high levels of 18 : 2 produced by feeding protected oil supplements cause the cooked beef to be described as oily, bland or pork-like.

Keywords

MeatFlavourFatty acid composition
Type
Animal Nutrition and Metabolism Group Symposium on ‘Improving meat production for future needs’
Information
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , Volume 58 , Issue 2 , May 1999 , pp. 363 - 370
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1999

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