Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T16:01:40.310Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Glucocorticoids and the preparation for life after birth: are there long-term consequences of the life insurance?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2007

Abigail L. Fowden*
Affiliation:
Department of Physiology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
Juan Li
Affiliation:
Department of Physiology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
Alison J. Forhead
Affiliation:
Department of Physiology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Dr A. L. Fowden, fax +44 (0)1223 333 840, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Meeting Report
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1998

References

Barbera, A, Wilkening, RB, Teng, C, Battaglia, FC & Meschia, G (1997) Metabolic alterations in the fetal hepatic and umbilical circulations during glucocorticoid-induced parturition in sheep. Pediatric Research 41, 242248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barker, DJP (1997) Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in later life. British Medical Bulletin 53, 96108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barker, PM, Walters, DV, Markiewicz, M & Strang, LB (1991) Development of the lung liquid reabsorptive mechanism in fetal sheep: synergism of triiodothyronine and hydrocortisone. Journal of Physiology 433, 435449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, RJ (1997) Perinatal carbohydrate metabolism and the blood flow of the fetal liver. Equine Veterinary Journal 24, Suppl., 2631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, RJ, Comline, RS & Silver, M (1978) Effect of cortisol on liver glycogen concentrations in hypophysectomized, adrenalectomized and normal foetal lambs during late or prolonged gestation. Journal of Physiology 275, 567579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benediktsson, R, Lindsay, R, Noble, J, Seckl, J & Edwards, C. R. W. (1993) Glucocorticoid exposure in utero: a new model for adult hypertension. Lancet 341, 339341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buescher, MA, McClamrock, HD & Adashi, EY (1992) Cushing syndrome in pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology 79, 130137.Google ScholarPubMed
Burnstein, KL & Cidlowski, JA (1989) Regulation of gene expression by glucocorticoids. Annual Review of Physiology 51, 683699.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carbone, GMR, Sheikh, AU, Zehuder, T & Rose, JC (1995) Effect of chronic infusion of cortisol on renin gene expression and renin response to hemorrhage in fetal lambs. Pediatric Research 37, 316320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Celsi, G, Wang, ZM, Akusjarvi, G & Aperia, A (1993) Sensitive periods for glucocorticoid regulation of Na+, K+-ATPase mRNA in developing lung and kidney. Pediatric Research 33, 59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Challis, JRG, Bassett, N, Berdusco, ETM, Han, VKM, , F, Riley, S & Yang, K (1993) Foetal endocrine maturation. Equine Veterinary Journal 14, Suppl., 3540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, KE, Kotelevtsev, YV, Jamieson, PM, Williams, JS, Mullins, JJ & Seckl, JR (1997) Tissue specific modulation of glucocorticoid action by 11 B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Biochemical Society Transactions 25, 583587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crone, RK, Davies, P, Liggins, GC & Reid, L (1983) The effect of hypophysectorny, thyroidectomy and postoperative infusion of cortisol or adrenocorticotrophin on the structure of the ovine fetal lung. Jounal of Developmental Physiology 5, 281288.Google ScholarPubMed
Dauncey, MJ & Gilmour, RS (1996) Regulatory factors in the control of muscle development. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 55, 543559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delhanty, P & Han, VKM (1993) The expression of insulin like growth factor (1GF)-binding protein 2 and IGF-II genes in the tissue of the developing ovine fetus. Endocrinology 132, 4152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derks, JB, Giussani, DA, Jenkins, SL, Wentworth, RA, Visser, GHA, Padbury, JF & Nathanielsz, PW (1997) A comparative study of cardiovascular, endocrine and behavioural effects of beta-methasone and dexamethasone administration to fetal sheep. Journal of Physiology 499, 217226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desai, M & Hales, CN (1997) Role of fetal and infant growth in programming metabolism in later life. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 72, 329348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickson, MC, Saunders, JC & Gilmour, RS (1991) The ovine insulin-like growth factor gene: characterisation, expression and identification of a putative promotor. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 6, 1731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodic, M, May, C, Wintour, EM & Coghlan, JR (1997) An early prenatal exposure to maternal dexamethasone leads to hypertensive offspring in sheep. Proceedings of Fetal and Neonatal Physiology Symposium, Cambridge, p. 5. Newmarket, Suffolk: R & W Publications Ltd.Google Scholar
Forhead, AJ, Li, J, Gilmour, RS & Fowden, AL (1996) Developmental regulation of hepatic insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-11) gene expression in fetal sheep near term: effects of tri-iodothyronine (T3). Journal of Endocrinology 151, Suppl., P34.Google Scholar
Fowden, AL (1985) Pancreatic endocrine function and carbohydrate metabolism in the fetus. In Perinatal Endocrinology, pp. 7190. [Albrecht, E. and Pepe, G., editors]. Ithaca, NY: Perinatology Press.Google Scholar
Fowden, AL (1995) Endocrine regulation of fetal growth. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 7, 351363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FowdenAL, AL,, Apatu, RSK & Silver, M (1995) The glucogenic capacity of the fetal pig: developmental regulation by cortisol. Experimental Physiology 80, 457467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fowden, AL, Mijovic, J & Silver, M (1993) The effects of cortisol on hepatic and renal gluconeogenic enzyme activities in the sheep fetus during late gestation. Jouml of Endocrinology 137, 213222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fowden, AL, Mundy, L, Ousey, JC, Mcgladdery, A & Silver, M (1991) Tissue glycogen and glucose-6-phosphatase-activity in the fetal and newborn foals. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 44, Suppl., 537542.Google Scholar
Fowden, AL & Silver, M (1995) Comparative development of the pituitary-adrenal axis in the fetal foal and lamb. Reproduction in Domestic Animals 30, 170177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowden, AL, Szemere, J, Hughes, P, Gilmour, RS & Forhead, AJ (1996) The effects of cortisol on the growth rate of the sheep fetus during late gestation. Journal of Endocrinology 151, 97105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gluckman, PD (1995) Insulin like growth factors and their binding proteins. In Fetus and Neonate: Physiology and Clinical Applications, vol. 3, Growth, pp. 97115. [Hanson, MA, Spencer, JAD and Rodeck, CH, editors]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goland, RS, Jozak, S, Warren, WB, Conwell, IM, Stark, RT & Tropper, PJ (1993) Elevated levels of umbilical cord plasma corticotrophin-releasing hormone in growth retarded fetuses. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 77, 11741179.Google ScholarPubMed
Guillery, EN, Kamiski, LP, Mathew, MS, Page, WV, Orlowski, J, Jose, PA &Robillard, JE (1995) Role of glucocorticoids in the maturation of renal cortical Na+/H+ exchanger activity during fetal life in sheep. American Journal of Physiology 268, F710F717.Google ScholarPubMed
Ingbar, DH, Duvick, S, Savick, SK, Schellhase, DE, Detterding, R, Jamieson, JD & Shannon, JM (1997) Developmental change of fetal rat lung Na+-K+-ATPase after maternal treatment with dexamethasone. American Journal of Physiology 271, L665L672.Google Scholar
Jeffray, TM, Berdusco, ETM, Wallace, M, Fowden, A & Challis, JRG (1995) Effects of incremental cortisol and adrenalectomy on plasma corticosteroid binding capacity in fetal sheep. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Phamcology 73, 15681573.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, CT & Rolph, TP (1985) Metabolism during fetal life: a functional assessment of metabolic development. Physiological Reviews 65, 357430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kitterman, JA,Liggins, GC, Campos, GA, Clements, TA, Forster, C, Lee, CH & Creasy, RK (1981) Prepartum maturation of the lung in fetal sheep: relation to cortisol. Journal of Applied Physiology 51, 384390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klepac, R (1985) Effect of dexamethasone on glycogen deposition in pregnant rats and their fetuses. Experimental Clinical Endocrinology 86, 305309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levitt, NS, Lindsay, RS, Holmes, MC & Seckl, JR (1996) Dexamethasone in the last week of pregnancy attenuates hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor gene expression and elevates blood pressure in the adult offspring in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 64, 412418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, J (1994) Regulation of insulin-like growth factor II gene expression in the late gestation fetal sheep. PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge.Google Scholar
Li, J, Forhead, AJ, Gilmour, RS & Fowden, AL (1997) The effects of cortisol on growth hormone receptor (GHR) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) gene expression in ovine skeletal muscle during late gestation. Proceedings of the 79th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, p. 162. Bethesda, MD: The Endocrine Society Press.Google Scholar
Li, J, Owens, JA, Owen, PC, Saunders, JC, Fowden, AL & Gilmour, RS (1996 a) The ontogeny of hepatic growth hormone (GH) receptor and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) gene expression in the sheep fetus during late gestation: developmental regulation by cortisol. Endocrinology 137, 16501657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, J, Saunders, JC, Gilmour, RS & Fowden, AL (1996 b). Cortisol switches on expression of the liver-specific leader exon of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene in ovine fetal liver near term. Journal of Endocrinology 151, Suppl., P33.Google Scholar
Li, J, Saunders, JC, Gilmour, RS, Silver, M & Fowden, AL (1993) Insulin-like growth factor-II messenger ribonucleic acid expression in fetal tissues of the sheep during late gestation: effects of cortisol. Endocrinology 132, 20832089.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liggins, GC (1994) The role of cortisol in preparing the fetus for birth. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, 141150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lim, GB, Dodic, M, Earnest, L, Jeyaseelan, K & Wintour, EM (1996) Regulation of ethrythropoietin gene expression in fetal sheep by glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 137, 16581663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindsay, RS, Lindsay, RM, Edwards, CRW & Seckl, JR (1996 a) Inhibition of 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in pregnant rats and the programming of blood pressure in the offspring. Hypertension 27, 12001204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindsay, RS, Lindsay, RM, Wadell, B & Seckl, JR (1996 b) Programming of glucose tolerance in the rat: role of placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Diabetologia 39, 12991305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lu, F, Hans, VKM, Milne, WK, Fraser, M, Carter, AM, Berdusco, ETM & Challis, JRG (1994) Regulation of insulin like growth factor-II gene expression in the ovine fetal adrenal gland by adrenocorticotrophic hormone and cortisol. Endocrinology 134, 26282635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lumbers, ER (1995) Development of renal function in the fetus: a review. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 7, 415426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matthew, SG, Yang, K & Challis, JRG (1995) Change in glucocorticoid receptor messenger-RNA in the developing ovine pituitary and the effects of exogenous cortisol. Journal of Endocrinology 144, 483490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milley, JR (1996) Fetal substrate uptake during increased ovine fetal cortisol concentrations. American Journal of Physiology 271, E186EI91.Google Scholar
Moog, F (1979) Endocrine influences on the functional differentiation of the small intestine. Journal of Animal Science 49, 239249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NIH Consensus Development Conference (1995) Effect of corticosteroid for fetal maturation on perinatal outcomes. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 173, Suppl., 253344.Google Scholar
Olson, AL, Robillard, JE, Kisker, CT, Smith, BA & Perlman, S (1991) Negative regulation of angiotensinogen gene expression by glucocorticoids in fetal sheep liver. Pediatric Research 30, 256260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, DIW, Barker, DJP, Fall, CHD, Whorwood, CB, Walker, BP & Wood, PJ (1997) Low birthweight and raised plasma cortisol concentrations in adult life. Journal of Endocrinology 152, Suppl., P2.Google Scholar
Phillips, ID, Anthony, RV, Butler, TG, Ross, JT & Mcmillen, IC (1997) Hepatic prolactin receptor gene expression increase in the sheep fetus before birth and after cortisol infusion. Endocrinology 138, 13511354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pierce, RA, Mariencheck, WI,Sandefur, S, Crouch, ED & Parks, WC (1995) Glucocorticoid upregulation of tropoelastin expression during late stages of fetal lung development. American Journal of Physiology 268, L491L500.Google ScholarPubMed
Price, WA, Stiles, AD, Moats-staats, BM & D' ercole, AJ (1992) Gene expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGFs) and Type I IGF receptor and IGF-binding proteins in dexamethasone-induced fetal growth retardation. Endocrinology 130, 14241432.Google ScholarPubMed
Reinisch, JM, Simon, NG & Karwo, WG (1978) Prenatal exposure to prednisone in humans and animals retards intra-uterine growth. Science 202, 436438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, CT (1997) Post transcriptional regulation of IGF-I biosynthesis. Journal of Endocrinology 152, Suppl., S9.Google Scholar
Sangild, PT, Hilsted, L, Nexo, E, Fowden, AL & Silver, M (1994 a) Secretion of acid, gastrin and cobalamin-binding proteins by the fetal pig stomach: developmental regulation by cortisol. Experimental Physiology 79, 135146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sangild, PT, Silver, M, Fowden, AL, Turvey, A & Foltman, B (1994 b) Adrenocortical stimulation of stomach development in the prenatal pig. Biology of the Neonate 65, 378389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sangild, PT, Sjostrom, H, Noren, O, Fowden, AL & Silver, M (1995 a) The prenatal development and glucocorticoid control of brush-border hydrolases in the pig small intestine. Pediatric Research 37, 207212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sangild, PT, Westrom, BR, Fowden, AL & Silver, M (1994 a) Developmental regulation of the porcine exocrine pancreas by glucocorticoids. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 19, 204212.Google ScholarPubMed
Sangild, PT, Westrom, BR, Silver, M & Fowden, AL (1995 b) Maturational effects of cortisol on the exocrine abomasum and pancreas in fetal sheep. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 7, 655658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schellenberg, JC, Liggins, GC, Kitterman, JA & Lee, CH (1987) Elastin and collagen in the fetal sheep lung II: Relationship to mechanical properties of the lung. Pediatric Research 22, 339343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seckl, JR (1994) Glucocorticoids and small babies. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 87, 259262.Google ScholarPubMed
Seckl, JR (1997 a) Glucocorticoids, feto-placental 11β-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase type 2 and the early life origins of adult disease. Steroids 62, 8994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seckl, JR (1997 b) How safe is long term prenatal glucocorticoid treatment? Journal of the American Medical Association 271, 10771079.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segar, JL, Bedell, K, Page, WV, Mazursky, JE, Nuyt, A-M & Robillard, JE (1995) Effect of cortisol on gene expression of the renin-angiotensin system in fetal sheep. Pediatric Research 37, 741746.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shelley, W (1961) Glycogen reserves and their changes at birth and in anoxia. British Medical Bulletin 17, 137143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silver, M (1990) Prenatal maturation, the timing of birth and how it is regulated in domestic animals. Experimental Physiology 75, 285307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silver, M & Fowden, AL (1988) Induction of labour in domestic animals: endocrine changes and neonatal viability. In The Endocrine Control of the Fetus, pp. 401411 [Kunzel, W. and Jensen, A., editors]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slotkin, TA, Seidler, FJ, Kavlock, RJ & Gray, JA (1992) Fetal dexamethasone exposure accelerates development of renal function: relationship to dose, cell differentiation and growth inhibition. Journal of Developmental Physiology 17, 5561.Google ScholarPubMed
Stonestreet, BS, Hansen, NB, Laptook, AR & On, W (1983) Glucocorticoid accelerates renal functional maturation in fetal lambs. Early Human Development 8, 331341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tangalakis, K, Lumbers, ER, Moritz, KM, Towstoless, MK & Wintour, EM (1992) Effect of cortisol on blood pressure and vascular reactivity in the ovine fetus. Experimental Physiology 77, 709717.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Townsend, SF, Rudolph, CD & Rudolph, AM (1991) Cortisol induces perinatal hepatic glucoconeogenesis in the lamb. Journal of Developmental Physiology 16, 7179.Google ScholarPubMed
Towstoless, MK, Mcdougall, JG & Wintour, EM (1989) Gestational changes in renal responsiveness to cortisol in the ovine fetus. Pediatric Research 26, 610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trahair, JF (1993) Is fetal enteral nutrition important for normal gastrointestinal growth? A discussion. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 17, 8285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trahair, JF, Perry, RA, Silver, M & Robinson, PM (1987 a)Studies on the maturation of the small intestine of the fetal sheep. I. The effects of bilateral adrenalectomy. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology 72, 6169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trahair, JF, Perry, RA, Silver, M & Robinson, PM (1987 b) Studies on the maturation of the small intestine in the fetal sheep II. The effects of exogenous cortisol. Quarterly Jouml of Experimental Physiology 72, 7179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trahair, JF & Sangild, P (1997) Systemic and luminal influence on the perinatal development of the gut. Equine Veterinary Journal 24, Suppl., 4050.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Venkatesh, VC & Ballard, PC (1991) Glucocorticoids and gene expression. American Journal of Respiratory, Cellular and Molecular Biology 4, 301303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallace, MJ, Hooper, SP & Harding, R (1995) Effects of elevated fetal cortisol concentration on the volume, secretion and reabsorption of lung liquid. American Journal of Physiology 269, R881R887.Google ScholarPubMed
Wallace, MJ, Hooper, SB & Harding, R (1996) Role of the adrenal glands in the maturation of lung liquid secretory mechanisms in fetal sheep. American Journal of Physiology 270, R33R40.Google ScholarPubMed
Warburton, D, Parton, L, Buckley, S, Cosico, L, Enns, G & Saluna, T (1988) Combined effects of corticosteroid, thyroid hormones and fl-agonist on surfactant, pulmonary mechanics and flreceptor binding in fetal lamb lung. Pediatric Research 24, 166170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wintour, EM & Moritz, KM (1997) Comparative aspects of fetal renal development. Equine Veterinary Journal 24, Suppl., 5158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, CE, Cheung, CY & Brace, RA (1987) Fetal heart rate, arterial pressure and blood pressure in response to cortisol infusion. American Journal of Physiology 253, R904R909.Google ScholarPubMed
Wood, CE & Cudd, TA (1997) Development of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis of the equine fetus: a comparative review. Equine Veterinary Journal 24, Suppl., 7482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, CE, Keil, LC & Rudolph, AM (1984) Physiological inhibition of ovine fetal plasma renin activity by cortisol. Endocrinology 115, 17921796.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, SY, Klein, AH, Chopra, IJ & Fisher, DA (1978) Alterations in tissue thyroxine 5'-monodeiodinating activity in the perinatal period. Endocrinology 103, 235239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, K (1992) Regulation of gene expression in the ovine fetus. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 45, Suppl., 8592.Google ScholarPubMed