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Dietary influences on chronic obstructive lung disease and asthma: a review of the epidemiological evidence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2007

Henriette A. Smit ,
Linda Grievink  and
Cora Tabak
Henriette A. Smit*
Affiliation:
Department of Chronic Disease and Environmental Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Linda Grievink
Affiliation:
Department of Chronic Disease and Environmental Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands Environmental and Occupational Health Group, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands Netherlands Institute of Health Sciences (NIHES), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Cora Tabak
Affiliation:
Department of Chronic Disease and Environmental Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands Environmental and Occupational Health Group, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands Netherlands Institute of Health Sciences (NIHES), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
*
*Corresponding author: Dr H. A. Smit, fax +31 30 274 4407, email [email protected]
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Abstract

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The epidemiological evidence for a relationship between diet and indicators of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is evaluated. The review focuses on the intake of Na, n−3 fatty acids, and antioxidant vitamins as well as fruit and vegetables. Experimental studies suggest that a high-Na diet has a small adverse effect on airway reactivity in asthma patients. However, observational studies provide no clear evidence that high Na intake has adverse effects on airway reactivity or asthma symptoms in open populations. n−3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are present in fish oils, are metabolized into less broncho-constricting and inflammatory mediators than n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Studies in the general adult population suggest that a high fish intake has a beneficial effect on lung function, but the relationship with respiratory symptoms and clinically-manifest asthma or COPD is less evident. Also, experimental studies in asthma patients have not demonstrated an improvement in asthma severity after supplementation with fish oil. Several studies showed a beneficial association between fruit and vegetable intake and lung function, but the relationship with respiratory symptoms and the clinically-manifest disease was less convincing. A similar pattern was found for vitamin C in relation to indicators of asthma and COPD, but there are still conflicting results with respect to vitamin E and β-carotene. In conclusion, the epidemiological evidence for a beneficial effect on indicators of asthma and COPD of eating fish, fruit and vegetables is increasing. However, the effectiveness of dietary supplementation in open-population samples is often not demonstrated. Several unresolved questions are raised, which should be addressed in future studies on the relationship between diet and respiratory disease.

Keywords

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAsthmaSodiumn−3 Polyunsaturated fatty acidsAntioxidantsFruit and vegetable consumption
Type
Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Group Symposium on ‘Nutrition and lung health’
Information
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , Volume 58 , Issue 2 , May 1999 , pp. 309 - 319
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1999

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