Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T10:37:25.601Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Development of antibiotic resistance and options to replace antimicrobials in animal diets

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2007

Knud Erik  and
Bach Knudsen
Knud Erik
Affiliation:
Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
Bach Knudsen*
Affiliation:
Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
*
Corresponding author: Dr Knud Erik Bach Knudsen, fax +45 89 99 13 78, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

As there is a risk of developing antibiotic resistance, a number of commonly-used antimicrobial growth promoters have been banned in the EU member states. This decision has put new emphasis on using the diet to control enteric bacterial infections of pigs. Dietary carbohydrates constitute a major proportion of diets for pigs, and the carbohydrate fraction has a diverse composition, with different properties in the gastrointestinal tract, some of which are of importance to gut health. Findings from different studies indicate that dietary carbohydrate composition influences the expression of swine dysentery and infection with nematode worms after experimental challenge with Brachyspira hyodesenteriae and Oesophagostumum dentatum respectively. In both cases the type, amount and physico-chemical properties of the carbohydrates entering the large intestine played an important role in the infection, and emerging data suggest a synergism between different porcine pathogens. There is also increasing evidence that the feed structure, which relates to the type of plant material in the diet and the way it is processed, can be used to reduce Salmonella prevalence at the herd level. However, it should be stressed that using the diet to manage gut health is not straightforward, since the expression of a pathogen in many cases requires the presence of other components of the commensal biota.

Keywords

PigsAntibiotic resistanceCarbohydratesBacteriaParasites
Type
Animal Nutrition and Metabolism Group Symposium on ‘Quality inputs for quality foods’
Information
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , Volume 60 , Issue 3 , August 2001 , pp. 291 - 299
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2001

References

Aarestrup, FM (1999) Association between the consumption of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry and the occurrence of resistant bacteria among food animals. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 12, 279–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anonymous (1999). Consumption of Antimicrobial Agents and Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria from Animals, Food and Humans in Denmark. Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Programme (DANMAP). Copenhagen: Danish Veterinary Laboratory, The Veterinary and Food Administration, The Danish Medicines Agency and Statens Serum Institut.Google Scholar
Armstrong, DG (1986) Gut-active growth promoters. In Control and Metabolism of Animal Growth, pp. 21–37 [Buttery, EA, editor]. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Bach Knudsen, KE (1997) Carbohydrate and lignin contents of plant materials used in animal feeding. Animal Feed Science and Technology 67, 319–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bach Knudsen, KE (2001) The nutritional significance of dietary fibre analysis. Animal Feed Science and Technology 90, 3–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bach Knudsen, KE & Canibe, N (2000) Breakdown of plant carbohydrates in the digestive tract of pigs fed on wheat or oat based rolls. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 80, 1253–1261.Google Scholar
Bach Knudsen, KE, Jensen, BB, Andersen, JO & Hansen, I (1991) Gastrointestinal implications in pigs of wheat and oat fractions 2. Microbial activity in the gastrointestinal tract. British Journal of Nutrition 65, 233–248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bach Knudsen, KE, Jensen, BB & Hansen, I (1993a) Digestion of polysaccharides and other major components in the small and large intestine of pigs fed diets consisting of oat fractions rich in b-D-glucan. British Journal of Nutrition 70, 537–556.Google Scholar
Bach Knudsen, KE, Jensen, BB & Hansen, I (1993b) Oat bran but not a b-glucan-enriched oat fraction enhances butyrate production in the large intestine of pigs. Journal of Nutrition 123, 1235–1247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bach Knudsen, KE & Jørgensen, H (2001) Intestinal degradation of carbohydrates from birth to maturity. In Digestive Physiology in Pigs, pp. 109–120 [Lindberg, JE and Ogle, B, editors]. Wallingford, Oxon.: CAB International.Google Scholar
Bager, F, Aarestrup, FM, Madsen, M & Wegener, HC (1999) Glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecium from broiler and pigs following discontinued use of avoparcin. Microbial Drug Resistance 5, 53–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bager, F, Madsen, M, Christensen, J & Aarestrup, FM (1997) Avoparcin used as a growth promoter is associated with the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Danish poultry and pig farms. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 31, 95–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bergman, EN (1990) Energy contributions of volatile fatty acids from the gastrointestinal tract in various species. Physiological Reviews 70, 567–590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bertschinger, HU, Eggenberger, E, Jucker, H & Pfirter, HP (1978) Evaluation of low nutrient, high fibre diets for the prevention of porcine Escherichia coli enterotoxaemia. Veterinary Microbiology 3, 281–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, I, Warhurst, M, Arcot, J, Playne, M, Illman, RJ & Topping, DL (1997) Fecal numbers of bifidobacteria are higher in pigs fed Bifidobacterium longum with a high amylose cornstarch than with a low amylose cornstarch. Journal of Nutrition 127, 1822–1827.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brunsgaard, G (1997) Morphological characteristics, epithelial cell proliferation, and crypt fission in cecum and colon of growing pigs. Digestive Diseases and Science 42, 2384–2393.Google Scholar
Brunsgaard, G (1998) Effects of cereal type and feed particle size on morphological characteristics, epithelial cell proliferation, and lectin binding patterns in the large intestine of pigs. Journal of Animal Science 76, 2787–2798.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buddington, RK (1998) The influences of dietary inputs on the neonatal gastrointestinal tract: Managing the development of a complex ecosystem. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 7, 155–165.Google Scholar
Christensen, DN, Bach Knudsen, KE, Wolstrup, J & Jensen, BB (1999) Integration of ileum cannulated pigs and in vitro fermentation to quantify the effect of diet composition on the amount of short-chain fatty acids available from fermentation in the large intestine. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 79, 755–762.Google Scholar
Dahl, J (1997) Cross-sectional epidemiological analysis of the relations between different herd factors and salmonella seropositivity. The VIIIth Symposium of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, pp. 31–32. Paris: Fondation Marcel Mérieux.Google Scholar
Durmic, Z, Pethick, DW, Mullan, BP, Schulze, H & Hampson, DJ (1997) The effects of extrusion and enzyme addition in wheat-based diets on fermentation in the large intestine and expression of swine dysentery. In Manipulating Pig Production, vol. 6, p.180 [Cranwell, PD, editor]. Werribee, Victoria: Australasian Pig Science Association.Google Scholar
Durmic, Z, Pethick, DW, Pluske, JR & Hampson, DJ (1998) Changes in bacterial populations in the colon of pigs fed different sources of dietary fibre, and the development of swine dysentery after experimental infection. Journal of Applied Microbiology 85, 574–582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, GR & Roberfroid, MB (1995) Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition 125, 1401–1412.Google Scholar
Graham, H, Hesselman, K & Åman, P (1986) The influence of wheat bran and sugar-beet pulp on the digestibility of dietary components in a cereal-based pig diet. Journal of Nutrition 116, 242–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, GM (1992) Starch digestion and absorption in nonruminants. Journal of Nutrition 122, 172–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hampson, DJ (1997) Dietary influence on porcine postweaning diarrhoea. In Manipulating Pig Production, pp.202–214 [Barnes, JL, Batterham, ES, Cronin, GM, Hansen, C, Hemsworth, PH, Hennessy, DP, Hugher, PE, Johnston, NE and King, TB, editors]. Werribee, Victoria: Australasian Pig Science Association.Google Scholar
Hampson, DJ, Atyeo, RF & Combs, BG (1997) Swine dysentery. In Intestinal Spirochaetes in Domestic Animals and Humans, pp. 175–209 [Hampson, DJ and Stanton, TB, editors]. Wallingford, Oxon.: CAB International.Google Scholar
Hampson, DJ, Pethick, DW & Pluske, JR (1999) Can diet be used as an alternative to antibiotics to help control enteric bacterial infections of pigs? In Manipulating Pig Production, vol. 7, Antibiotics in Pig Production, pp. 210–219 [Cranwell, PD, editor]. Werribee, Victoria: Pig Research and Development Corporation.Google Scholar
Houdijk, J (1998) Effects of non-digestible oligosaccharides in young pig diets. PhD Thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University.Google Scholar
Jensen, BB (1998) The impact of feed additives on the microbial ecology of the gut in young pigs. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 7, 45–64.Google Scholar
Jensen, BB & Jørgensen, H (1994) Effect of dietary fiber on microbial activity and microbial gas production in various regions of the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60, 1897–1904.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jin, L, Reynolds, LP, Redmer, DA, Caton, JS & Crenshaw, JD (1994) Effects of dietary fiber on intestinal growth, cell proliferation, and morphology in growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 72, 2270–2278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johansen, HN & Bach Knudsen, KE (1994) Effects of wheat-flour and oat mill fractions on jejunal flow, starch degradation and absorption of glucose over an isolated loop of jejunum in pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 72, 299–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johansen, HN, Bach Knudsen, KE & Sandström, B (1996) Effect of varying content of soluble dietary fibre from wheat flour and oat milling fractions on gastric emptying in pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 75, 339–351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jørgensen, H, Zhao, X-Q, & Eggum, BO (1996) The influence of dietary fibre and environmental temperature on the development of the gastrointestinal tract, digestibility, degree of fermentation in the hind-gut and energy metabolism in pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 75, 365–378.Google Scholar
Jørgensen, L, Dahl, J & Wingstrand, A (1999) The effect of feeding pellets, meal and heat treatment on the salmonella-prevalence in finishing pigs. In 3rd International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Salmonella in Pork, pp. 308–312 [Bahnson, PB, editor]. Urbana, Champaign, IL: College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois.Google Scholar
Kelly, D, Begbie, R & King, TP (1994) Nutritional influences on interactions between bacteria and the small intestinal mucosa. Nutrition Research Reviews 7, 233–257.Google Scholar
Lærke, HN, Hellwing, ALF, Bach Knudsen, KE, Strarup, A & Rolin, C (2001) Isolated pectins vary in their functional properties in the gut of piglets. In Digestive Physiology in Pigs, pp. 127–129 [Lindberg, JE and Ogle, B, editors]. Wallingford, Oxon.: CAB International.Google Scholar
Langlois, BE, Dawson, KA, Stahly, TS & Cromwell, GL (1983) Antibiotic resistance of faecal coliforms after long-term withdrawal of therapeutic and subtherapeutic antibiotic use in a swine herd. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 46, 1433–1434.Google Scholar
Larsen, JL (1981) Effect of pectin on secretion in pig jejunal loops to enteropathogenic E. coli or enterotoxin (LT). A preliminary report. Nordisk Veterinærmedicin 33, 218–213.Google Scholar
Leclerq, R, Derlot, E, Duval, J & Couvalin, P (1988) Plasmid mediated resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin in Enterococcus faecium. New England Journal of Medicine 319, 157–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leser, TD, Lindecrona, RH, Jensen, TK, Jensen, BB & Møller, K (2000) Changes in the bacterial community structure in the colon of pigs fed different experimental diets and after infection with. Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Journal of Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, 3290–3296.Google Scholar
Lindecrona, RH, Jensen, BB, Jensen, TK & Møller, K (2000) The influence of diet on the development of swine dysentery. In 16th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, p.7 [Cargill, C and McOrist, S, editors]. Adelaide, South Australia: Causal Production.Google Scholar
Low, AG (1989) Secretory response of the pig gut to non-starch polysaccharides. Animal Feed Science and Technology 23, 55–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Low, AG (1990) Nutritional regulation of gastric secretion, digestion and emptying. Nutrition Research Reviews 3, 229–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDonald, DE, Pethick, DW, Pluske, JR & Hampson, DJ (1999) Adverse effects of soluble nonstarch polysaccharides (guar gum) on piglets growth and colibacillosis immediately after weaning. Research in Veterinary Science 67, 245–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDonald, DE, Pluske, JR, Pethick, DW & Hampson, DJ (1997) Interaction of dietary nonstarch polysaccharides with weaner pig growth and colibacillosis. In Manipulating Pig Production, vol. 6, p.179 [Cranwell, PD, editor]. Werribee, Victoria: Australasian Pig Science Association.Google Scholar
Moore, WEC, Moore, LVH, Cato, EP, Wilkins, TD & Kornegay, ET (1987) Effect of high-fiber and high-oil diets on the fecal flora of swine. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 53, 1638–1644.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nemcová, R, Bomba, A, Gancarciková, S, Herich, R & Guba, P (1999) Study of the effect of Lactobacillus paracasei and fructo-oligosaccharides on the faecal microflora in weanling piglets. Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 112, 225–228.Google Scholar
Nielsen, EK (1998) Foderets Effekter på Mavens Volumen, Maveindholdets Konsistens, Mavesår og Produktionsresultater hos Slagtesvin. Effekt af Kornart, Foderstruktur, Pelletering, Fodringsmetode og Strøelse (Effect of Feed on Stomach Volume, Consistency of Stomach Content, Ulcers and Production Results in Pigs. Effect of Cereal Type, Feed Structure, Pelleting, Feeding Method and Straw Bedding).Rapport nr. 4. Foulum, Denmark: Danmarks JordbrugsForskning.Google Scholar
Pearce, GP (1999) Interactions between dietary fibre, endo-parasites and. Lawsonia intracellularis bacteria in grower-finishing pigs. Veterinary Parasitology 87, 51–61.Google Scholar
Petkevicius, S, Bach Knudsen, KE, Nansen, P & Roepstorff, A (1996) The influence of diet on infections with Ascaris suum and. Oesophagostomum dentatum in pigs on pasture. Helminthologia 33, 173–180.Google Scholar
Petkevicius, S, Bach Knudsen, KE, Nansen, P, Roepstorff, A, Skjøth, F & Jensen, K (1997) The impact of diets varying in carbohydrates resistant to endogenous enzymes and lignin on population of Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum dentatum in pigs. Parasitology 114, 555–568.Google Scholar
Petkevicius, S, Bjørn, H, Roepstorff, A, Nansen, P, Bach Knudsen, KE, Barnes, EH & Jensen, K (1995) The effect of two types of diet on populations of Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum dentatum in experimentally infected pigs. Parasitology 111, 395–402.Google Scholar
Petkevicius, SP, Nansen, P, Bach Knudsen, KE & Skjøth, F (1999) The effect of increasing levels of insoluble dietary fibre on establishment and persistence of Oesophagostomum dentatum in pigs. Parasite 6, 17–26.Google Scholar
Petkevicius, SP, Bach Knudsen, KE, Nansen, P & Murrell, KD (2001) The effect of dietary carbohydrates with different digestibility on the populations of Oesophagostomum dentatum in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Parasitology (In the Press).Google Scholar
Pluske, JR, Durmic, Z, Pethick, DW, Mullan, BP & Hampson, DJ (1998) Confirmation of the role of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates in the expression of swine dysentery in pigs after experimental infection. Journal of Nutrition 128, 1737–1744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pluske, JR, Siba, PM, Pethick, DW, Durmic, Z, Mullan, BP & Hampson, DJ (1996) The incidence of swine dysentery in pigs can be reduced by feeding diets that limit the amount of fermentable substrate entering the large intestine. Journal of Nutrition 126, 2920–2933.Google Scholar
Prohaszka, L & Baron, F (1980) The predisposing role of high protein supplies in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infections of weaned pigs. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin 27B, 222–232.Google Scholar
Prohaszka, L & Lukacs, K (1984) Influence of the diet on the antibacterial effect of volatile fatty acids on the development of swine dysentery. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin 31B, 779–785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutter, JM & Beer, RJS (1975) Synergism between Trichuris suis and the microbial flora of the large intestine causing dysentery in pigs. Infection and Immunity 11, 395–404.Google Scholar
Sakata, T (1997) Influence of short chain fatty acids on intestinal growth and function. In Dietary Fiber in Health and Disease, pp. 191–199 [Kritchevsky, D and Bonfield, C, editors]. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schouten, MA, Voss, A & Hoogkamp-Korstanje, JAA (1997) VRE and meat. Lancet 349, 1258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sgorbati, B, Biavati, B & Palenzona, D (1995) The genus Bifidobacterium. In The Genera of Lactic Acid Bacteria, pp. 275–288 [Wood, BJB and Holzapfel, WH, editors]. Glasgow: Blackie Academic and Professional.Google Scholar
Siba, PM, Pethick, DW & Hampson, DJ (1996) Pigs experimentally infected with Serpulina hyodysenteriae can be protected from developing swine dysentery by feeding them a highly digestible diet. Epidemiology and Infection 116, 207–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simonsson, A & Björklund, N-E (1978) Some effects of the fineness of ground barley on gastric lesions and gastric contents in growing pigs. Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research 8, 97–106.Google Scholar
Smith, HW (1975) Persistence of tetracycline resistance in pig E. coli. Nature 258, 728–731.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stege, H, Jensen, TK, Møller, K, Bækbo, P & Jorsal, SE (2000) Prevalence of intestinal pathogens in Danish finishing pig herds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 46, 279–292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Theander, O, Westerlund, E, Åman P & Graham, H (1989) Plant cell walls and monogastric diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 23, 205–225.Google Scholar
Van Loo, J, Cummings, J, Delzenne, N, Englyst, H, Franck, A, Hopkins, M, Kok, N, Macfarlane, G, Newton, D, Quigley, M, Roberfroid, M, Van Vliet, T & van den Heuvel, E (1999) Functional food properties of non-digestible oligosaccharides: a consensus report from the ENDO project (DGXII AIRII-CT94–1095). British Journal of Nutrition 81, 121–132.Google Scholar
van den Meulen, J, Bakker, GCM, Bakker, JGM, de Visser, H, Jongbloed, AW & Everts, H (1997) Effect of resistant starch on net portal-drained viscera flux of glucose, volatile fatty acids, urea, and ammonia in growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 75, 2697–2704.Google Scholar
Wegener, HC, Aarestrup, FM, Jensen, LB, Hammerum, AM & Bager, F (1999) Use of antimicrobial growth promoters in food animals and Enterococcus faecium resistance to therapeutic antimicrobial drugs in Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases 5, 329–335.Google Scholar
Whipp, SC, Robinson, IM, Harris, DL, Glock, RD, Mathews, PJ & Alexander, TJL (1979) Pathogenic synergism between Treponema hyodysenteria and other selected anaerobes in gnotobiotic pigs. Infection and Immunity 26, 1042–1047.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wierup, M (1996) Sverige förbjöd antibiotika i tillväxtbefrämjande syfte 1986. Vad hände med djurhälsan aoch hur löstes problemen (Sweden banned antimicrobial growth promoters in 1986. What happened with animal health and how was the problem solved)? Kungliga Skogs och Lantbruksakademiens Tidskrift 135, 69–78.Google Scholar