Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T18:28:23.393Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Biofortification of UK food crops with selenium

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 March 2007

Martin R. Broadley ,
Philip J. White ,
Rosie J. Bryson ,
Mark C. Meacham ,
Helen C. Bowen ,
Sarah E. Johnson ,
Malcolm J. Hawkesford ,
Steve P. McGrath ,
Fang-Jie Zhao  and
Neil Breward
...Show all authors
Martin R. Broadley*
Affiliation:
Plant Sciences Division, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
Philip J. White*
Affiliation:
Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
Rosie J. Bryson
Affiliation:
Velcourt Ltd, NIAB Annex, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 OLE, UK
Mark C. Meacham
Affiliation:
Plant Sciences Division, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
Helen C. Bowen
Affiliation:
Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
Sarah E. Johnson
Affiliation:
Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
Malcolm J. Hawkesford
Affiliation:
Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
Steve P. McGrath
Affiliation:
Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
Fang-Jie Zhao
Affiliation:
Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
Neil Breward
Affiliation:
British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
Miles Harriman
Affiliation:
Yara UK, Immingham Dock, Lincolnshire DN40 2NS, UK
Mark Tucker
Affiliation:
Yara UK, Immingham Dock, Lincolnshire DN40 2NS, UK
*
* These authors contributed equally.
* These authors contributed equally.
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Se is an essential element for animals. In man low dietary Se intakes are associated with health disorders including oxidative stress-related conditions, reduced fertility and immune functions and an increased risk of cancers. Although the reference nutrient intakes for adult females and males in the UK are 60 and 75 μg Se/d respectively, dietary Se intakes in the UK have declined from >60 μg Se/d in the 1970s to 35 μg Se/d in the 1990s, with a concomitant decline in human Se status. This decline in Se intake and status has been attributed primarily to the replacement of milling wheat having high levels of grain Se and grown on high-Se soils in North America with UK-sourced wheat having low levels of grain Se and grown on low-Se soils. An immediate solution to low dietary Se intake and status is to enrich UK-grown food crops using Se fertilisers (agronomic biofortification). Such a strategy has been adopted with success in Finland. It may also be possible to enrich food crops in the longer term by selecting or breeding crop varieties with enhanced Se-accumulation characteristics (genetic biofortification). The present paper will review the potential for biofortification of UK food crops with Se.

Keywords

AgronomyDietFertilisersGeneticsPlantsSelenium
Type
Meeting Report
Information
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , Volume 65 , Issue 2 , May 2006 , pp. 169 - 181
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2006

References

Adams, ML Lombi, E Zhao, F-J, McGrath, SP (2002) Evidence of low selenium concentrations in UK bread-making wheat grain. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 82 1160–1165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aro, A Alfthan, G Varo, P (1995) Effects of supplementation of fertilizers on human selenium status in Finland Analyst 120 841–843.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arthur, JR (2003) Selenium supplementation: does soil supplementation help and why? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62 393–397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bañuelos, G Terry, N LeDuc, DL Pilon-Smits, EAH Mackey, B (2005) Field trial of transgenic Indian mustard plants shows enhanced phytoremediation of selenium-contaminated sediment Environmental Science and Technology 39 1771–1777.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bell, PF Parker, DR Page, AL (1992) Contrasting selenate-sulfate interactions in selenium-accumulating and non-accumulating plant species Soil Science Society of America Journal 56 1818–1824.Google Scholar
Bouis, HE (2003) Micronutrient fortification of plants through plant breeding: can it improve nutrition in man at low cost? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62 403–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouis, HE Chassy, BM Ochanda, JO (2003) Genetically modified food crops and their contribution to human nutrition and food quality Trends in Food Science and Technology 14 191–209.Google Scholar
Brookins, DG (1987) Eh-pH Diagrams for Geochemistry. New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Cary, EE Allaway, WH (1969) Stability of different forms of selenium applied to low-selenium soils Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 33 571–574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cary, EE Allaway, WH (1973) Selenium content of field crops grown on selenite-treated soils Agronomy Journal 65 922–925.Google Scholar
Cary, EE Wieczorek, GA Allaway, WH (1967) Reactions of selenite-selenium added to soils that produce low-selenium forages Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 31 21–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castellano, S Novoselov, SV Kryukov, GV, Lescure, A Blanco, E, Krol, A Gladyshev, VN Guigó, R (2004) Reconsidering the evolution of eukaryotic selenoproteins: a novel nonmammalian family with scattered phylogenetic distribution EMBO Reports 5 71–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, L Yang, F Xu, J, Hu, Y Hu, Q, Zhang, Y Pan, G (2002) Determination of selenium concentration of rice in China and effect of fertilization of selenite and selenate on selenium content of rice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50 5128–5130.Google Scholar
Clark, LC Combs, GF Jr Turnbull, BW Slate, E Alberts, D, Abele, D et al. (1996) The nutritional prevention of cancer with selenium 1983–1993: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 276 1957–1963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, LC Dalkin, B Krongrad, A, Combs, GF Jr Turnbull, BW Slate, EH et al. (1998) Decreased incidence of prostate cancer with selenium supplementation: results of a double-blind cancer prevention trial British Journal of Urology 81 730–734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Combs, GF (2005) Current evidence and research needs to support a health claim for selenium and cancer prevention. Journal of Nutrition 135 343–347.Google Scholar
Coutts, G Atkinson, D Cooke, S (1990) Application of selenium prills to improve the selenium supply to a grass clover sward Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 21 951–963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, EB Watkinson, JH (1966) Uptake of native and applied selenium by pasture species I. Uptake of Se by browntop, ryegrass, cocksfoot, and white clover from Atiamuri sand New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 9 317–327.Google Scholar
De Gregori, I Lobos, MG Pinochet, H (2002) Selenium and its redox speciation in rainwater from sites of Valparaiso region in Chile, impacted by mining activities of copper ores Water Research 36 115–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dhillon, KS Dhillon, SK (2003) Distribution and management of seleniferous soils Advances in Agronomy 79 119–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickson, JD (1969) Notes on hair and nail loss after ingesting Sapucaia Nuts (Lecythis elliptica) Economic Botany 23 133–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Driscoll, DM Copeland, PR (2003) Mechanism and regulation of selenoprotein synthesis Annual Review of Nutrition 23 17–40.Google Scholar
Ellis, DR Salt, DE (2003) Plants, selenium and human health Current Opinion in Plant Biology 6 273–279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elrashidi, MA, Adriano, DC & Lindsay, WL (1989) Solubility, speciation and transformation of selenium in soils. In Selenium in Agriculture and the Environment. Soil Science Society of America Special Publication no. 23, pp. 51–63 [Jacobs, LW, editor]. Madison, WI: SSSA.Google Scholar
Elrashidi, MA Adriano, DC Workman, SM Lindsay, WL (1987) Chemical-equilibria of selenium in soils – a theoretical development Soil Science 144 141–152.Google Scholar
Eurola, M Ekholm, P Ylinen, M, Koivistoinen, P Varo, P (1989) Effects of selenium fertilization on the selenium content of selected Finnish fruits and vegetables Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica 39 345–350.Google Scholar
Eurola, M Hietaniemi, V Kontturi, M, Tuuri, H Kangas, A, Niskanen, M Saastamoinen, M (2004) Selenium content of Finnish oats in 1997–1999: effect of cultivars and cultivation techniques Agricultural and Food Science 13 46–53.Google Scholar
Eurola, MH Ekholm, PI Ylinen, ME, Koivistoinen, PE Varo, PT (1991) Selenium in Finnish foods after beginning the use of selenate supplemented fertilizers. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 56 57–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feist, LJ Parker, DR (2001) Ecotypic variation in selenium accumulation among populations of Stanleya pinnata New Phytologist 149 61–69.Google Scholar
Fordyce, F (2005) Selenium deficiency and toxicity in the environment. In Essentials of Medical Geology, pp. 373–415 [Selinus, O, Alloway, B, Centeno, J, Finkelman, R, Fuge, R, Lindh, U and Smedley, P, editors]. London: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Gissel-Nielsen, G (1977) Control of selenium in plants. Risø Report no. 370, pp. 1–42. Roskilde, Denmark: Risø National Laboratory.Google Scholar
Gissel-Nielsen, G (1984) Improvement of selenium status of pasture crops Biological Trace Element Research 6 281–288.Google Scholar
Gissel-Nielsen, G (1986) Comparison of selenium treatments of crops in the field Biological Trace Element Research 10 209–213.Google Scholar
Gissel-Nielsen, G (1998) Effects of selenium supplementation of field crops. In Environmental Chemistry of Selenium, pp. 99–112 [Frankenberger, WT and Engberg, RA, editors]. New York: Dekker.Google Scholar
Gissel-Nielsen, G Bisbjerg, B (1970) The uptake of applied selenium by agricultural plants. 2. The utilization of various selenium compounds Plant and Soil 32 382–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gissel-Nielsen, G Gupta, UC Lamand, M Westermarck, T (1984) Selenium in soils and plants and its importance in livestock and human nutrition Advances in Agronomy 37 397–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gondi, F Panto, G Feher, J, Bogye, G Alfthan, G (1992) Selenium in Hungary – the rock-soil-human system Biological Trace Element Research 35 299–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, RD Welch, RM Bouis, HE (2001) Addressing micronutrient malnutrition through enhancing the nutritional quality of staple foods: principles, perspectives and knowledge gaps Advances in Agronomy 70 77–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, UC (1995) Effects of Selcote® Ultra and sodium selenate (laboratory versus commercial grade) on selenium concentration in feed crops. Journal of Plant Nutrition 18 1629–1636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, UC Gupta, SC (2002) Quality of animal and human life as affected by selenium management of soils and crops Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 33 15–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, UC MacLeod JA (1994) Effect of various sources of selenium fertilization on the selenium concentration of feed crops Canadian Journal of Soil Science 74 285–290.Google Scholar
Gupta, UC McRae, KB Winter, KA (1982) Effect of applied selenium on the selenium content of barley and forages and soil selenium depletion rates Canadian Journal of Soil Science 62 145–154.Google Scholar
Gupta, UC Winter, KA (1981) Long-term residual effects of applied selenium on the selenium uptake by plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition 3 493–502.Google Scholar
Gupta, UC Winter, KA (1989) Effect of selenate vs selenite forms of selenium in increasing the selenium concentration in forages and cereals Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69 885–889.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanson, B Garifullina, GF Lindblom, SD, Wangeline, A Ackley, A, Kramer, K Norton, AP Lawrence, CB Pilon-Smits, EAH (2003) Selenium accumulation protects Brassica juncea from invertebrate herbivory and fungal infection New Phytologist 159 461–469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanson, B Lindblom, SD Loeffler, ML Pilon-Smits, EAH (2004) Selenium protects plants from phloem-feeding aphids due to both deterrence and toxicity New Phytologist 162 655–662.Google Scholar
Hawkesford, MJ (2003) Transporter gene families in plants: the sulphate transporter gene family-redundancy or specialization? Physiologia Plantarum 117 155–165.Google Scholar
Hawkesford, MJ (2005) Sulphur. In Plant Nutritional Genomics, pp. 87–111 [Broadley, MR and White, PJ, editors]. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Haygarth, PM Cooke, AI Jones, KC, Harrison, AF Johnston, AE (1993) Long-term change in the biogeochemical cycling of atmospheric selenium: deposition to plants and soil. Journal of Geophysical Research 98 16769–16776.Google Scholar
Ip, C Dong, Y Ganther, HE (2002) New concepts in selenium chemoprevention Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 21 281–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, MJ Dillon, SA Broome, CS, McArdle, A Hart, CA McArdle, F (2004) Are there functional consequences of a reduction in selenium intake in UK subjects? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 63 513–517.Google Scholar
Johnson, CC & Breward, N (2004) G-BASE Geochemical Baseline Survey of the Environment. Commissioned Report CR/04/ 016N. Keyworth, Notts.: British Geological Survey.Google Scholar
Jukola, E Hakkarainen, J Saloniemi, H Sankari, S (1996) Effect of selenium fertilization on selenium in feedstuffs and selenium, vitamin E, and β-carotene concentrations in blood of cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 79 831–837.Google Scholar
Kannamkumarath, SS Wrobel, K Wuilloud, RG (2005) Studying the distribution pattern of selenium in nut proteins with information obtained from SEC-UV-ICP-MS and CE-ICP-MS Talanta 66 153–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kantola, M Vartiainen, T (2001) Changes in selenium, zinc, copper and cadmium contents in human milk during the time when selenium has been supplemented to fertilizers in Finland. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 15 11–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerdel-Vegas, F (1966) The depilatory and cytotoxic actions of 'Coco de Mono' (Lecythis ollaria) and its relationship to chronic selenosis Economic Botany 23 133–134.Google Scholar
Kopsell, DA Randle, WM (1997) Short-day onion cultivars differ in bulb selenium and sulfur accumulation which can affect bulb pungency Euphytica 96 385–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kopsell, DA Randle, WM (2001) Genetic variances and selection potential for selenium accumulation in a rapid-cycling Brassica oleracea population. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 126 329–335.Google Scholar
Lea, A (2005) A fresh look at bread. Arable Farming 32, Issue no 9, 6 June, 14.Google Scholar
LeDuc, DL Tarun, AS Montes-Bayon, M Meija, J, Malit, MF Wu, CP et al. (2004) Overexpression of selenocysteine methyltransferase in Arabidopsis and Indian mustard increases selenium tolerance and accumulation Plant Physiology 135 377–383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, J Masters, DG White, CL, Grace, ND Judson, GJ (1999) Current issues in trace element nutrition of grazing livestock in Australia and New Zealand Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50 1341–1364.Google Scholar
Lu, JX Jiang, C Kaeck, M, Ganther, H Vadhanavikit, S, Ip, C Thompson, H (1995) Dissociation of the genotoxic and growth-inhibitory effects of selenium Biochemical Pharmacology 50 213–219.Google Scholar
Lyons, G Ortiz-Monasterio, I Stangoulis, J, Graham, R (2005a) Selenium concentration in wheat grain: Is there sufficient genotypic variation to use in breeding Plant and Soil 269 269–380.Google Scholar
Lyons, G Stangoulis, J Graham, R (2003) High-selenium wheat: biofortification for better health Nutrition Research Reviews 16 45–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyons, GH Stangoulis, JCR Graham, RD (2004) Exploiting micronutrient interaction to optimize biofortification programs: The case for inclusion of selenium and iodine in the Harvest-Plus program Nutrition Reviews 62 247–252.Google Scholar
Lyons, GH Stangoulis, JCR Graham, RD (2005b) Tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to high soil and solution selenium levels Plant and Soil 270 179–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLeod, JA Gupta, UC Milburn, P Sanderson, JB (1998) Selenium concentration in plant material, drainage and surface water as influenced by Se applied to barley foliage in a barley-red clover-potato rotation Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78 685–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mäkelä, A Wan Wang, W-C Hamalainen, M Nanto, V, Laihonen, P Kotilainen, H, Meng, LX Mäkelä, P (1995) Environmental effects of nationwide selenium fertilization in Finland Biological Trace Element Research 47 289–298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maruyama-Nakashita, A Inoue, E Watanabe-Takahashi, A Yamaya, T Takahashi, H (2003) Transcriptome profiling of sulfur-responsive genes in Arabidopsis reveals global effects of sulfur nutrition on multiple metabolic pathways Plant Physiology 132 597–605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ministry of Housing and Local Government (1956) Clean Air Act, 1956 – Smoke Control Areas. London: H. M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Morton, CM Prance, GT Mori, SA Thorburn, LG (1998) Recircumscription of the Lecythidaceae Taxon 47 817–827.Google Scholar
Murphy, MD Quirke, WA (1997) The effect of sulphur/nitrogen/selenium interactions on herbage yield and quality Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research 36 31–38.Google Scholar
Peterson, PJ Butler, GW (1962) Uptake and assimilation of selenite by higher plants Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 15 126–146.Google Scholar
Pezzarossa, B Piccotino, D Shennan, C Malorgio, F (1999) Uptake and distribution of selenium in tomato plants as affected by genotype and sulphate supply. Journal of Plant Nutrition 22 1613–1635.Google Scholar
Pickering, IJ Prince, RC Salt, DE, George, GN (2000) Quantitative, chemically specific imaging of selenium transformation in plants Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97 10717–10722.Google Scholar
Pickering, IJ Wright, C Bubner, B, Ellis, D Persans, MW Yu, EY, George, GN Prince, RC, Salt, DE (2003) Chemical form and distribution of selenium and sulfur in the selenium hyperaccumulator Astragalus bisulcatus Plant Physiology 131 1460–1467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pilon, M Owen, JD Garifullina, GF, Kurihara, T Mihara, H, Esaki, N Pilon-Smits, EAH (2003) Enhanced selenium tolerance and accumulation in transgenic Arabidopsis expressing a mouse selenocysteine lyase Plant Physiology 131 1250–1257.Google Scholar
Pilon-Smits, EAH Hwang, S Lytle, CM Zhu, Y Tai, JC Bravo, RC, Chen, Y Leustek, T Terry, N (1999) Overexpression of ATP sulfurylase in Indian mustard leads to increased selenate uptake, reduction, and tolerance Plant Physiology 119 123–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rayman, MP (1997) Dietary selenium: time to act British Medical Journal 314 387–388.Google Scholar
Rayman, MP (2000) The importance of selenium to human health Lancet 356 233–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rayman, MP (2002) The argument for increasing selenium intake Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 61 203–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rayman, MP (2004) The use of high-selenium yeast to raise selenium status: how does it measure up? British Journal of Nutrition 92 557–573.Google Scholar
Rimmer, DL Shiel, RS Syers, JK, Wilkinson, M (1990) Effects of soil application of selenium on pasture composition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 51 407–410.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, I & Beath, OA (1964) Selenium: Geobotany, Biochemistry, Toxicity, and Nutrition. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Schwarz, K Foltz, CM (1957) Selenium as an integral part of factor-3 against dietary necrotic liver degeneration. Journal of the American Chemical Society 79 3292–3293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shand, C Coutts, G Duff, E, Atkinson, D (1992) Soil selenium treatments to ameliorate selenium deficiency in herbage. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 59 27–35.Google Scholar
Shennan, C Schachtman, DP Cramer, GR (1990) Variation in [75 Se]selenate uptake and partitioning among tomato cultivars and wild species New Phytologist 115 523–530.Google Scholar
Shibagaki, N Rose, A McDermott, JP Fujiwara, T Hayashi, H, Yoneyama, T Davies, JP (2002) Selenate-resistant mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana identify Sultr1;2 , a sulfate transporter required for efficient transport of sulfate into roots Plant Journal 29 475–486.Google Scholar
Singh, BR (1994) Effect of selenium-enriched calcium nitrate, top-dressed at different growth-stages, on the selenium concentration in wheat Fertilizer Research 38 199–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spears, DA Manzanares-Papayanopoulos, LI Booth, CA (1999) The distribution and origin of trace elements in a UK coal; the importance of pyrite Fuel 78 1671–1677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephen, RC Saville, DJ Watkinson, JH (1989) The effects of sodium selenate applications on growth and selenium concentration in wheat New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 17 229–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takahashi, H Watanabe-Takahashi, A Smith, FW Blake-Kalff, M Hawkesford, MJ Saito, K (2000) The roles of three functional sulphate transporters involved in uptake and translocation of sulphate in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Journal 23 171–182.Google Scholar
Terry, N Zayed, AM de Souza, MP Tarun, AS (2000) Selenium in higher plants Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 51 401–432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomson, CD Robinson, MF (1996) The changing selenium status of New Zealand residents European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50 107–114.Google Scholar
Valle, G McDowell, LR Prichard, DL Chenoweth, PJ, Wright, DL Martin, FG, Kunkle, WE Wilkinson, NS (2002) Selenium concentration of fescue and bahia grasses after applying a selenium fertilizer Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 33 1461–1472.Google Scholar
van Dorst, SH Peterson, PJ (1984) Selenium speciation in the soil solution and its relevance to plant uptake. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 35 601–605.Google Scholar
Varo, P Alfthan, G Ekholm, P, Aro, A Koivistoinen, P (1988) Selenium intake and serum selenium in Finland – effects of soil fertilization with selenium American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48 324–329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Venäläinen, E-R Hirvi, T Hirn, J (1997) Effect of selenium supplementation on the selenium content in muscle and liver of Finnish pigs and cattle. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45 810–813.Google Scholar
Vonderheide, AP Wrobel, K Kannamkumarath, SS B'Hymer, C Montes-Bayón, M de León, CP Caruso, JA (2002) Characterization of selenium species in Brazil nuts by HPLC-ICP-MS and ES-MS. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50 5722–5728.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vreugdenhil, D, Aarts, MGM & Koornneef, M (2005) Exploring natural genetic variation to improve plant nutrient content. In Plant Nutritional Genomics, pp. 201–219 [Broadley, MR and White, PJ, editors]. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wang, D Alfthan, G Aro, A, Lahermo, P Väänänen, P (1994) The impact of selenium fertilisation on the distribution of selenium in rivers in Finland Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 50 133–149.Google Scholar
Wang, D Alfthan, G Aro, A, Mäkelä, A Knuuttila, S Hammar, T (1995) The impact of selenium supplemented fertilization on selenium in lake ecosystems in Finland Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 54 137–148.Google Scholar
Wang, W-C Mäkelä, A-L Näntö, V Mäkelä, P Lagström, H (1998) The serum selenium concentrations in children and young adults: a long-term study during the Finnish selenium fertilization programme European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52 529–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watkinson, JH (1981) Changes of blood selenium in New Zealand adults with time and importation of Australian wheat American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34 936–942.Google Scholar
Watkinson, JH (1983) Prevention of selenium deficiency in grazing animals by annual topdressing of pasture with sodium selenate New Zealand Veterinary Journal 31 78–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watkinson, JH Davies, EB (1967) Uptake of native and applied selenium by pasture species. 4. Relative uptake through foliage and roots by white clover and browntop. Distribution of selenium in white clover New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 10 122–131.Google Scholar
Whanger, PD (2004) Selenium and its relationship to cancer: an update British Journal of Nutrition 91 11–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whelan, BR (1989) Uptake of selenite fertilizer by subterranean clover pasture in Western Australia Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29 517–522.Google Scholar
Whelan, BR Barrow, NJ Peter, DW (1994a) Selenium fertilizers for pastures grazed by sheep. 2. Wool and liveweight responses to selenium Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45 877–887.Google Scholar
Whelan, BR Peter, DW Barrow, NJ (1994b) Selenium fertilizers for pastures grazed by sheep. 1. Selenium concentrations in whole-blood and plasma Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45 863–875.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, PJ Bowen, HC Parmaguru, P Fritz, M, Spracklen, WP Spiby, RE et al. (2004) Interactions between selenium and sulphur nutrition in Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Experimental Botany 55 1927–1937.Google Scholar
White, PJ Broadley, MR (2005) Historical variation in the mineral composition of edible horticultural products. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 80 660–667.Google Scholar
Wichtel, JJ (1998) A review of selenium deficiency in grazing ruminants. part 1: New roles for selenium in ruminant metabolism New Zealand Veterinary Journal 46 47–52.Google Scholar
Wissuwa, M (2005) Mapping nutritional traits in crop plants. In Plant Nutritional Genomics, pp. 220–241 [Broadley, MR and White, PJ, editors]. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Yang, FM Chen, LC Hu, QH Pan, GX (2003) Effect of the application of selenium on selenium content of soybean and its products Biological Trace Element Research 93 249–256.Google Scholar
Yläranta, T (1984a) Raising the selenium content of spring wheat and barley using selenite and selenate Annales Agriculturae Fenniae 23 75–84.Google Scholar
Yläranta, T (1984b) Effect of selenium fertilization and foliar spraying at different growth-stages on the selenium content of spring wheat and barley Annales Agriculturae Fenniae 23 85–95.Google Scholar
Yläranta, T (1984c) Effect of selenite and selenate fertilization and foliar spraying on selenium content of timothy grass Annales Agriculturae Fenniae 23 96–108.Google Scholar
Yoshimoto, N Takahashi, H Smith, FW Yamaya, T Saito, K (2002) Two distinct high-affinity sulfate transporters with different inducibilities mediate uptake of sulfate in Arabidopsis roots Plant Journal 29 465–473.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y Pan, G Chen, J Hu, Q (2003) Uptake and transport of selenite and selenate by soybean seedlings of two genotypes Plant and Soil 253 437–443.Google Scholar