Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-28T04:18:22.078Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Progress report on the BEBOP search for circumbinary planets with radial velocities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 October 2024

Thomas A. Baycroft*
Affiliation:
University of Birmingham (UK)
Amaury H. M. J. Triaud
Affiliation:
University of Birmingham (UK)
Dong Lai
Affiliation:
Cornell University (US)
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The BEBOP (Binaries Escorted By Orbiting Planets) survey is a search for circumbinary planets using the radial velocity spectrographs HARPS and SOPHIE, currently focusing on single-lined binaries with a mass ratio < 0.3. Circumbinary systems are an important testing ground for planet formation theories as the dynamically complex influence of the binary makes planet formation and survival more difficult. Here we present the results of the survey so far including: confirmed planets such as BEBOP-1c the first circumbinary planet detected in radial velocity; the status of our observations; and preliminary occurrence rates. We compare the early results of the radial velocity survey to the population of circumbinary planets discovered in transit, and suggest that there may be a population of inflated planets close to the inner binary which are detectable in transit but more difficult in radial velocity. Using time-lag tidal theory, we show that this inflation is unlikely caused by tides.

Type
Contributed Paper
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Astronomical Union

References

Baycroft, T. A., Triaud, A. H. M. J., Faria, J., Correia, A. C. M., & Standing, M. R. 2023, Improving circumbinary planet detections by fitting their binary’s apsidal precession. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 521, 18711879. ADS Bibcode: 2023 MNRAS.521.1871B.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brewer, B. J. & Foreman-Mackey, D. 2018, DNest4: Diffusive Nested Sampling in C++ and Python. Journal of Statistical Software, 86, 133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, L. R., Carter, J. A., Fabrycky, D. C., Slawson, R. W., Howell, S. B., Winn, J. N., Orosz, J. A., Pr̆sa, A., Welsh, W. F., Quinn, S. N., Latham, D., Torres, G., Buchhave, L. A., Marcy, G. W., Fortney, J. J., Shporer, A., Ford, E. B., Lissauer, J. J., Ragozzine, D., Rucker, M., Batalha, N., Jenkins, J. M., Borucki, W. J., Koch, D., Middour, C. K., Hall, J. R., McCauliff, S., Fanelli, M. N., Quintana, E. V., Holman, M. J., Caldwell, D. A., Still, M., Stefanik, R. P., Brown, W. R., Esquerdo, G. A., Tang, S., Furesz, G., Geary, J. C., Berlind, P., Calkins, M. L., Short, D. R., Steffen, J. H., Sasselov, D., Dunham, E. W., Cochran, W. D., Boss, A., Haas, M. R., Buzasi, D., & Fischer, D. 2011, Kepler-16: A Transiting Circumbinary Planet. Science, 333, 1602. ADS Bibcode: 2011Sci…333.1602D.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dvorak, R., Froeschle, C., & Froeschle, C. 1989, Stability of outer planetary orbits (P-types) in binaries. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 226, 335342.Google Scholar
Faria, J. P., Santos, N. C., Figueira, P., & Brewer, B. J. 2018, kima: Exoplanet detection in radial velocities. The Journal of Open Source Software, 3, 487. ADS Bibcode: 2018JOSS….3.487F.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guillot, T., Burrows, A., Hubbard, W. B., Lunine, J. I., & Saumon, D. 1996, Giant Planets at Small Orbital Distances. ApJL, 459, L35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holman, M. J. & Wiegert, P. A. 1999, Long-Term Stability of Planets in Binary Systems. The Astronomical Journal, 117, 621628. ADS Bibcode: 1999AJ….117.621H.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hut, P. 1981, Tidal evolution in close binary systems. A&A, 99, 126140.Google Scholar
Kass, R. E. & Raftery, A. E. 1995, Bayes Factors. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90(430), 773795. Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01621459.1995.10476572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kley, W. & Haghighipour, N. 2014, Modeling circumbinary planets: The case of Kepler-38. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 564, A72. ADS Bibcode: 2014A&A…564A.72K.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kostov, V. B., Orosz, J. A., Feinstein, A. D., Welsh, W. F., Cukier, W., Haghighipour, N., Quarles, B., Martin, D. V., Montet, B. T., Torres, G., Triaud, A. H. M. J., Barclay, T., Boyd, P., Briceno, C., Cameron, A. C., Correia, A. C. M., Gilbert, E. A., Gill, S., Gillon, M., Haqq-Misra, J., Hellier, C., Dressing, C., Fabrycky, D. C., Furesz, G., Jenkins, J. M., Kane, S. R., Kopparapu, R., Hodžić, V. K., Latham, D. W., Law, N., Levine, A. M., Li, G., Lintott, C., Lissauer, J. J., Mann, A. W., Mazeh, T., Mardling, R., Maxted, P. F. L., Eisner, N., Pepe, F., Pepper, J., Pollacco, D., Quinn, S. N., Quintana, E. V., Rowe, J. F., Ricker, G., Rose, M. E., Seager, S., Santerne, A., Ségransan, D., Short, D. R., Smith, J. C., Standing, M. R., Tokovinin, A., Trifonov, T., Turner, O., Twicken, J. D., Udry, S., Vanderspek, R., Winn, J. N., Wolf, E. T., Ziegler, C., Ansorge, P., Barnet, F., Bergeron, J., Huten, M., Pappa, G., & van der Straeten, T. 2020, TOI-1338: TESS’ First Transiting Circumbinary Planet. The Astronomical Journal, 159, 253. ADS Bibcode: 2020AJ….159.253K.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kovaleva, D., Malkov, O., Yungelson, L., & Chulkov, D. 2016, Visual binary stars: data to investigate formation of binaries. Baltic Astronomy, 25, 419426. ADS Bibcode: 2016BaltA.25.419K.Google Scholar
Martin, D. V. & Triaud, A. H. M. J. 2014, Planets transiting non-eclipsing binaries. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 570, A91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, D. V. & Triaud, A. H. M. J. 2015, Circumbinary planets - why they are so likely to transit. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 449, 781793. ADS Bibcode: 2015MNRAS.449.781M.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, D. V., Triaud, A. H. M. J., Udry, S., Marmier, M., Maxted, P. F. L., Collier Cameron, A., Hellier, C., Pepe, F., Pollacco, D., Ségransan, D., & West, R. 2019, The BEBOP radial-velocity survey for circumbinary planets. I. Eight years of CORALIE observations of 47 single-line eclipsing binaries and abundance constraints on the masses of circumbinary planets. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 624, A68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayor, M., Marmier, M., Lovis, C., Udry, S., Ségransan, D., Pepe, F., Benz, W., Bertaux, J. L., Bouchy, F., Dumusque, X., Lo Curto, G., Mordasini, C., Queloz, D., & Santos, N. C. 2011,. The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XXXIV. Occurrence, mass distribution and orbital properties of super-Earths and Neptune-mass planets. Technical report. Publication Title: arXiv e-prints ADS Bibcode: 2011arXiv1109.2497M Type: article.Google Scholar
Mayor, M., Pepe, F., Queloz, D., Bouchy, F., Rupprecht, G., Lo Curto, G., Avila, G., Benz, W., Bertaux, J. L., Bonfils, X., Dall, T., Dekker, H., Delabre, B., Eckert, W., Fleury, M., Gilliotte, A., Gojak, D., Guzman, J. C., Kohler, D., Lizon, J. L., Longinotti, A., Lovis, C., Megevand, D., Pasquini, L., Reyes, J., Sivan, J. P., Sosnowska, D., Soto, R., Udry, S., van Kesteren, A., Weber, L., & Weilenmann, U. 2003, Setting New Standards with HARPS. The Messenger, 114, 2024. ADS Bibcode: 2003Msngr.114…20M.Google Scholar
Moriwaki, K. & Nakagawa, Y. 2004, A Planetesimal Accretion Zone in a Circumbinary Disk. The Astrophysical Journal, 609, 10651070. ADS Bibcode: 2004ApJ…609.1065M.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paardekooper, S.-J., Leinhardt, Z. M., Thébault, P., & Baruteau, C. 2012, How Not to Build Tatooine: The Difficulty of In Situ Formation of Circumbinary Planets Kepler 16b, Kepler 34b, and Kepler 35b. The Astrophysical Journal, 754, L16. ADS Bibcode: 2012ApJ…754L.16P.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perruchot, S., Kohler, D., Bouchy, F., Richaud, Y., Richaud, P., Moreaux, G., Merzougui, M., Sottile, R., Hill, L., Knispel, G., Regal, X., Meunier, J. P., Ilovaisky, S., Le Coroller, H., Gillet, D., Schmitt, J., Pepe, F., Fleury, M., Sosnowska, D., Vors, P., Mégevand, D., Blanc, P. E., Carol, C., Point, A., Laloge, A., & Brunel, J. C. 2008, The SOPHIE spectrograph: design and technical key-points for high throughput and high stability, 7014, 70140J. Conference Name: Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy II ADS Bibcode: 2008SPIE.7014E.0JP.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Standing, M. R., Sairam, L., Martin, D. V., Triaud, A. H. M. J., Correia, A. C. M., Coleman, G. A. L., Baycroft, T. A., Kunovac, V., Boisse, I., Cameron, A. C., Dransfield, G., Faria, J. P., Gillon, M., Hara, N. C., Hellier, C., Howard, J., Lane, E., Mardling, R., Maxted, P. F. L., Miller, N. J., Nelson, R. P., Orosz, J. A., Pepe, F., Santerne, A., Sebastian, D., Udry, S., & Welsh, W. F. 2023, Radial-velocity discovery of a second planet in the TOI-1338/BEBOP-1 circumbinary system. Nature Astronomy, 7, 702714. ADS Bibcode: 2023NatAs…7.702S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Triaud, A. H. M. J., Hebb, L., Anderson, D. R., Cargile, P., Collier Cameron, A., Doyle, A. P., Faedi, F., Gillon, M., Gomez Maqueo Chew, Y., Hellier, C., Jehin, E., Maxted, P., Naef, D., Pepe, F., Pollacco, D., Queloz, D., Ségransan, D., Smalley, B., Stassun, K., Udry, S., & West, R. G. 2013, The EBLM project. I. Physical and orbital parameters, including spin-orbit angles, of two low-mass eclipsing binaries on opposite sides of the brown dwarf limit. A&A, 549, A18.Google Scholar
Triaud, A. H. M. J., Standing, M. R., Heidari, N., Martin, D. V., Boisse, I., Santerne, A., Correia, A. C. M., Acuña, L., Battley, M., Bonfils, X., Carmona, A., Collier Cameron, A., Cortés-Zuleta, P., Dransfield, G., Dalal, S., Deleuil, M., Delfosse, X., Faria, J., Forveille, T., Hara, N. C., Hébrard, G., Hoyer, S., Kiefer, F., Kunovac, V., Maxted, P. F. L., Martioli, E., Miller, N. J., Nelson, R. P., Poveda, M., Rein, H., Sairam, L., Udry, S., & Willett, E. 2022, BEBOP III. Observations and an independent mass measurement of Kepler-16 (AB) b - the first circumbinary planet detected with radial velocities. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 511, 35613570. ADS Bibcode: 2022MNRAS.511.3561T.CrossRefGoogle Scholar