One of the main scientific goals of the Herschel Gould Belt survey is to elucidate the physical mechanisms responsible for the formation and evolution of prestellar cores in molecular clouds. In the ~11 deg2 field of Aquila imaged with Herschel/PACS-SPIRE at 70–500 μm, we have identified a complete sample of 651 starless cores, 446 of them are gravitationally-bound candidate prestellar cores. Our Herschel observations also provide an unprecedented census of filaments in the Aquila cloud and suggest an intimate connection between these filaments and the formation process of prestellar cores. Indeed, a strong correlation is found between their spatial distributions. These Herschel findings support a filamentary paradigm for the early stages of star formation, where the cores result from the gravitational fragmentation of the densest filaments.