Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T06:54:50.511Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Calibration of Star-Formation Rate Measurements Across the Electromagnetic Spectrum

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2015

V. Buat ,
J. Braine ,
D. A. Dale ,
A. Hornschemeier ,
B. Lehmer ,
P. Kroupa ,
J. Pflamm-Altenburg ,
C. C. Popescu ,
H. Wu  and
A. Zezas
V. Buat
Affiliation:
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille) UMR7326, 13388, France email: [email protected]
J. Braine
Affiliation:
Observatoire de Bordeaux, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, 2 rue de l'Observatoire, BP 89, 33270 Floirac, France email: [email protected]
D. A. Dale
Affiliation:
Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070USA email: [email protected]
A. Hornschemeier
Affiliation:
NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA email: [email protected]
B. Lehmer
Affiliation:
NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA email: [email protected] The Johns Hopkins University, Homewood Campus, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA email: [email protected]
P. Kroupa
Affiliation:
Argelander-Institute for Astronomy, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany email: [email protected], [email protected]
J. Pflamm-Altenburg
Affiliation:
Argelander-Institute for Astronomy, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany email: [email protected], [email protected]
C. C. Popescu
Affiliation:
Jeremiah Horrocks Institute, University of Central Lancashire, PR1 2HE, Preston, UK email: [email protected]
H. Wu
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
A. Zezas
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece Institute of Electronic stucture and LASER, FORTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece Harvard-Smithnonoan Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA email: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Star-formation is one of the main processes that shape galaxies, and together with black-hole accretion activity the two agents of energy production in galaxies. It is important on a range of scales from star clusters/OB associations to galaxy-wide and even group/cluster scales. Recently, studies of star-formation in sub-galactic and galaxy-wide scales have met significant advances owing to: (a) developments in the theory of stellar evolution, stellar atmospheres, and radiative transfer in the interstellar medium; (b) the availability of more sensitive and higher resolution data; and (c) observations in previously poorly charted wavebands (e.g. Ultraviolet, Infrared, and X-rays). These data allow us to study more galaxies at ever-increasing distances and nearby galaxies in greater detail, and different modes of star formation activity such as massive star formation and low level continuous star formation in a variety of environments. In this contribution we summarize recent results in the fields of multi-wavelength calibrations of star-formation rate indicators, the Stellar Initial Mass function, and radiative transfer and modeling of the Spectrale Energy Disrtributions of galaxies.

Keywords

stars: luminosity functionmass functionbinaries (including multiple): closegalaxies: star clustersgalaxies: fundamental parametersinfrared: galaxiesultraviolet: galaxiesX-rays: binaries
Type
Contributed Papers
Information
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union , Volume 10 , Highlights H16: Highlights of Astronomy , August 2012 , pp. 495 - 527
Copyright
Copyright © International Astronomical Union 2015 

References

Allen, R. J., et al. 1997, ApJ, 487, 171Google Scholar
Allen, L., Megeath, S. T., Gutermuth, R., et al. 2007, Protostars and Planets V, 361Google Scholar
Alonso-Herrero, A., et al. 2006, ApJ, 652, L83Google Scholar
Andersen, M., Meyer, M. R., Robberto, M., Bergeron, L. E., & Reid, N. 2011, A&A, 534, A10Google Scholar
André, P., Men'shchikov, A., Bontemps, S., et al. 2010, A&A, 518, L102Google Scholar
Ashby, M. L. N., Mahajan, S., Smith, H. A., et al. 2011, PASP 123, 1011Google Scholar
Baes, M., Fritz, J., Gadotti, D. A., et al. 2010, A&A 518, L39Google Scholar
Banerjee, S., Kroupa, P., & Oh, S. 2012, MNRAS, 426, 1416Google Scholar
Basu, S. & Vorobyov, E. I. 2012, ApJ, 750, 30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basu-Zych, A. R., Lehmer, B. D., Hornschemeier, A. E., et al. 2013, ApJ, 762, 45Google Scholar
Bianchi, S. 2008, A&A, 490, 461Google Scholar
Bigiel, F., et al. 2008, AJ, 136, 2846Google Scholar
Blitz, L. & Rosolowsky, E. 2006, ApJ, 650, 933Google Scholar
Bochanski, J. J., Hawley, S. L., Covey, K. R., et al. 2010, AJ, 139, 2679Google Scholar
Boissier, S., Boselli, A., Buat, V., et al. 2004, A&A 424, 465Google Scholar
Boissier, S., et al. 2007, ApJS, 173, 524Google Scholar
Boissier, S. 2012, “Star Formation in Galaxies”, in Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems, Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg, Oswalt, T. D., McLean, I. S., Bond, H. E., French, L., Kalas, P., Barstow, M. A., Gilmore, G. F., Keel, W. C. (Eds.), Volume 6, chapter 111Google Scholar
Boroson, B., Kim, D.-W., & Fabbiano, G. 2011, ApJ, 729, 12CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boselli, A., et al. 2009, ApJ 706, 1527Google Scholar
Braine, J., et al. 2010, A&A, 518, L69Google Scholar
Brandt, W. N. & Hasinger, G. 2005, ARAA, 43, 827CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandt, W. N. & Alexander, D. M. 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 107, 7184Google Scholar
Braun, R. 1997, ApJ, 484, 637Google Scholar
Bruzual, G. & Charlot, S. 2003, MNRAS, 344, 1000Google Scholar
Buat, V., Takeuchi, T. T., Iglesias-Páramo, J., et al. 2007, ApJS, 173, 404Google Scholar
Burgarella, D., Buat, V., & Iglesias-Páramo, J. 2005, MNRAS 360, 1413Google Scholar
Calzetti, D., Kennicutt, R. C. Jr., Bianchi, L., et al. 2005, ApJ, 633, 871Google Scholar
Calzetti, D., Kennicutt, R. C., Engelbracht, C. W., et al. 2007, ApJ, 666, 870Google Scholar
Calzetti, D., Chandar, R., Lee, J. C., et al. 2010, ApJ (Letters), 719, L158Google Scholar
Calzetti, D., Wu, S.-Y., Hong, S., et al. 2010, ApJ, 714, 1256Google Scholar
Calzetti, D. 2012, Proceedings of the XXIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics: ‘Secular Evolution of Galaxies’, edited by Falcon-Barroso, J. and Knapen, J. H.Google Scholar
Cappellari, M., McDermid, R. M., Alatalo, K., et al. 2012, Nature, 484, 485Google Scholar
Casoli, F., et al. 1998, A&A, 331, 451Google Scholar
Cenarro, A. J., Gorgas, J., Vazdekis, A., Cardiel, N., & Peletier, R. F. 2003, MNRAS, 339, L12Google Scholar
Chabrier, G. 2003, PASP, 115, 763Google Scholar
Colbert, E. J. M., et al. 2004, ApJ, 602, 231Google Scholar
Combes, F. 2012, Journal of Physics Conference Series, 372, 012041Google Scholar
Corbelli, E., et al. 2011, A&A, 528, A116Google Scholar
Cowie, L. L., Barger, A. J., & Hasinger, G. 2012, ApJ, 748, 50Google Scholar
Crowther, P. A., Schnurr, O., Hirschi, R., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 408, 731Google Scholar
da Cunha, E., et al. 2008, MNRAS 388, 1595Google Scholar
da Silva, R. L., Fumagalli, M., & Krumholz, M. 2012, ApJ, 745, 145Google Scholar
Dabringhausen, J., Kroupa, P., & Baumgardt, H. 2009, MNRAS, 394, 1529Google Scholar
Dabringhausen, J., Kroupa, P., Pflamm-Altenburg, J., & Mieske, S. 2012, ApJ, 747, 72Google Scholar
Daddi, E., Dickinson, M., Morrison, G., et al. 2007, ApJ 670, 156Google Scholar
Dale, D. A. & Helou, G. 2002, ApJ 576, 159MNRAS 288, 1595Google Scholar
Dale, D. A., et al. 2009, ApJ 703, 517Google Scholar
Davé, R. 2008, MNRAS 385, 147Google Scholar
Devriendt, J. E. G., Guiderdoni, B., & Sadat, R. 1999, A&A 350, 381Google Scholar
de Looze, I., Baes, M., Bendo, G., et al. 2012a, MNRAS 427, 2797Google Scholar
de Looze, I., Baes, M., Fritz, J., & Verstappen, J. 2012b, MNRAS 419, 895Google Scholar
De Marchi, G., Paresce, F., & Pulone, L. 2007, ApJ (Letters), 656, L65Google Scholar
de Wit, W. J., Testi, L., Palla, F., Vanzi, L., & Zinnecker, H. 2004, A&A, 425, 937Google Scholar
de Wit, W. J., Testi, L., Palla, F., & Zinnecker, H. 2005, A&A, 437, 247Google Scholar
Dib, S., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 415, 3439Google Scholar
Dijkstra, M., Gilfanov, M., Loeb, A., & Sunyaev, R. 2012, MNRAS, 421, 213Google Scholar
Domínguez Sánchez, H., Mignoli, M., Pozzi, F., et al. 2012, MNRAS, 426, 330Google Scholar
Draine, B. T. & Li, A. 2007, ApJ 657, 810Google Scholar
Driver, S. P., Hill, D. K., & Kelvin, L. S.et al. 2011, MNRAS 413, 971Google Scholar
Eales, S., Dunne, L., Clements, D., et al. 2010, PASP 122, 499CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elbaz, D., Daddi, E., Le Borgne, D., et al. 2007, A&A 468, 33Google Scholar
Elmegreen, B. G. & Parravano, A. 1994, ApJ (Letters), 435, L121CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engargiola, G., et al. 2003, ApJS, 149, 343Google Scholar
Engelbracht, C. W., Gordon, K. D., Rieke, G. H., et al. 2005, ApJ (Letters), 628, L29Google Scholar
Fabbiano, G. 1989, ARAA, 27, 87Google Scholar
Fabbiano, G. 2006, ARAA, 44, 323Google Scholar
Figer, D. F. 2005, Nature, 434, 192Google Scholar
Fragos, T., Lehmer, B., Tremmel, M., et al. 2013, ApJ, 764, 41Google Scholar
Fumagalli, M., et al. 2011, ApJ 741, L26Google Scholar
Gardan, E., et al. 2007, A&A, 473, 91Google Scholar
Gilfanov, M. 2004, MNRAS, 349, 146Google Scholar
Gratier, P., et al. 2012, A&A, 542, 108Google Scholar
Gratier, P., et al. 2010, A&A, 522, 3Google Scholar
Grootes, M., Tuffs, R. J., Popescu, C. C., Pastrav, B. A., Andrae, E.et al. 2013, ApJ, submittedGoogle Scholar
Groves, B., Dopita, M. A., Sutherland, R. S., Kewley, L. J., Fischera, J., Leitherer, C., Brandl, B., & van Breugel, W. 2008, ApJS 176, 438CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gvaramadze, V. V., Weidner, C., Kroupa, P., & Pflamm-Altenburg, J. 2012, MNRAS, 424, 3037Google Scholar
Heavens, A., et al. 2004, Nature, 428, 625Google Scholar
Hennebelle, P. 2012, A&A, 545, A147Google Scholar
Hopkins, A. M. 2004, ApJ, 615, 209Google Scholar
Hao, C.-N., et al. 2011, ApJ 741, 124CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirashita, H., et al. 2003, A&A 410, 83Google Scholar
Hunter, D. A., et al. 1986, ApJ, 303, 171Google Scholar
Hsu, W.-H., Hartmann, L., Allen, L., et al. 2012, ApJ, 752, 59Google Scholar
Iglesias-Páramo, J., Buat, V., Takeuchi, T. T., et al. 2006, ApJS, 164, 38Google Scholar
Iwasawa, K., et al. 2009, ApJ (Letters), 695, L103Google Scholar
Kennicutt, R. C. 1989, ApJ, 344, 685CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennicutt, R. C. 1998, ARAA 36, 189Google Scholar
Kennicutt, R. C., et al. 2009, ApJ 703, 1672Google Scholar
Kennicutt, R. C. & Evans, N. J. 2012, ARAA 50, 531Google Scholar
Koen, C. 2006, MNRAS, 365, 590Google Scholar
Köppen, J., Weidner, C., & Kroupa, P. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 673Google Scholar
Kroupa, P. 2001, MNRAS, 322, 231Google Scholar
Kroupa, P. 2002, Science, 295, 82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroupa, P., Aarseth, S., & Hurley, J. 2001, MNRAS, 321, 699Google Scholar
Kroupa, P. & Bouvier, J. 2003a, MNRAS, 346, 343Google Scholar
Kroupa, P. & Bouvier, J. 2003b, MNRAS, 346, 369Google Scholar
Kroupa, P., Bouvier, J., Duchêne, G., & Moraux, E. 2003, MNRAS, 346, 354Google Scholar
Kroupa, P. & Gilmore, G. F. 1994, MNRAS, 269, 655Google Scholar
Kroupa, P. & Weidner, C. 2003, ApJ, 598, 1076Google Scholar
Kroupa, P., Weidner, C., Pflamm-Altenburg, J., et al. 2013, in Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems, Vol 5.: Stellar Systems and Galactic Structure, Gilmore, G. (Ed.), Springer (ArXiv:astro-ph/1112.3340)Google Scholar
Kylafis, N. D. & Misiriotis, A. 2006, in “The many scales in the Universe”, JENAM 2004 Astrophysics Reviews, eds. Del Toro Iniesta, J. C., Alfaro, E. J., Gorgas, J. G., Salvador-Sole, E., & Butcher, H., p. 111Google Scholar
Lada, C. J. & Lada, E. A. 2003, ARA&A, 41, 57Google Scholar
Laird, E. S., Nandra, K., Hobbs, A., & Steidel, C. C. 2006, MNRAS, 373, 217Google Scholar
Lamb, J. B., Oey, M. S., Werk, J. K., & Ingleby, L. D. 2010, ApJ, 725, 1886CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, J. C., et al. 2009, ApJ 706, 599Google Scholar
Lehnert, M. D. & Heckman, T. M. 1996, ApJ, 472, 546Google Scholar
Lehmer, B. D., et al. 2008, ApJ, 681, 1163Google Scholar
Lehmer, B. D., et al. 2010, ApJ, 724, 559Google Scholar
Leroy, A., Bolatto, A., Walter, F., & Blitz, L. 2006, ApJ, 643, 825Google Scholar
Leroy, A. K., et al. 2008, AJ 136, 2782Google Scholar
Li, H.-N., et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 1315Google Scholar
Li, Y., Crocker, A. F., Calzetti, D., et al. 2013, ApJ, 768, 180Google Scholar
Linden, T., Kalogera, V., Sepinsky, J. F., et al. 2010, ApJ, 725, 1984Google Scholar
Liu, G., et al. 2011, ApJ 735, 63Google Scholar
MacLachlan, J. M., Matthews, L. D., Wood, K., & Gallagher, J. S. 2011, ApJ 741, 6Google Scholar
Marks, M. & Kroupa, P. 2012, A&A, 543, A8Google Scholar
Marks, M., Kroupa, P., Dabringhausen, J., & Pawlowski, M. S. 2012, MNRAS, 422, 2246Google Scholar
Marshall, J. A., Herter, T. L., Armus, L., Charmandaris, V., Spoon, H. W. W., Bernard-Salas, J., & Houck, J. R. 2007, ApJ 670, 129CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, C. L. & Kennicutt, R. C. Jr. 2001, ApJ, 555, 301Google Scholar
Maschberger, T. & Clarke, C. J. 2008, MNRAS, 391, 711Google Scholar
Maschberger, T., Clarke, C. J., Bonnell, I. A., & Kroupa, P. 2010, MNRAS, 404, 1061Google Scholar
Meurer, G. R., et al. 1995, AJ 110, 2665CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meurer, G. R., et al. 2009, ApJ 695, 765Google Scholar
Mineo, S., Gilfanov, M., & Sunyaev, R. 2012a, MNRAS, 419, 2095Google Scholar
Mineo, S., Gilfanov, M., & Sunyaev, R. 2012b, MNRAS, 426, 1870Google Scholar
Mineo, S., Gilfanov, M., Lehmer, B. D., Morrison, G. E., & Sunyaev, R. 2014, MNRAS, 437, 1698Google Scholar
Misiriotis, A., Popescu, C. C., Tuffs, R. J., & Kylafis, N. D. 2001, A&A, 372, 775Google Scholar
Molinari, S., et al. 2010, A&A, 518, L100Google Scholar
Moore, C. A., et al. 2010, AJ 140, 253Google Scholar
Murgia, M., et al. 2002, A&A, 385, 412Google Scholar
Natale, G., Tuffs, R. J., Xu, C. K., Popescu, C. C., & Fischera, J.et al. 2010, ApJ 725, 955Google Scholar
Neininger, N., et al. 1998, Nature, 395, 871Google Scholar
Nieten, C., et al. 2006, A&A, 453, 459Google Scholar
Noll, S., et al. 2009, A&A 507, 1793Google Scholar
Norman, C., Ptak, A., Hornschemeier, A., et al. 2004, ApJ, 607, 721Google Scholar
Oosterloo, T., et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 1019Google Scholar
O'Sullivan, E., Forbes, D. A., & Ponman, T. J. 2001, MNRAS, 328, 461Google Scholar
Oey, M. S. & Clarke, C. J. 2005, ApJ (Letters), 620, L43Google Scholar
Oh, S. & Kroupa, P. 2012, MNRAS, 424, 65Google Scholar
Padoan, P. & Nordlund, Å. 2002, ApJ, 576, 870Google Scholar
Padoan, P., Nordlund, Å., Kritsuk, A. G., Norman, M. L., & Li, P. S. 2007, ApJ, 661, 972Google Scholar
Pastrav, B. A., Popescu, C. C., Tuffs, R. J., & Sansom, A. E. 2013, A&A, 557, A137Google Scholar
Pereira-Santaella, M., et al. 2011, A&A, 535, A93Google Scholar
Persic, M. & Rephaeli, Y. 2007, A&A, 463, 481Google Scholar
Pflamm-Altenburg, J. & Kroupa, P. 2009, ApJ, 706, 516Google Scholar
Pflamm-Altenburg, J. & Kroupa, P. 2010, MNRAS, 404, 1564Google Scholar
Pflamm-Altenburg, J., Weidner, C., & Kroupa, P. 2007, ApJ, 671, 1550Google Scholar
Pflamm-Altenburg, J., Weidner, C., & Kroupa, P. 2009, MNRAS, 395, 394Google Scholar
Popescu, C. C., Misiriotis, A., Kylafis, N. D., Tuffs, R. J., & Fischera, J., 2000, A&A 362, 138Google Scholar
Popescu, C. C., Tuffs, R. J., Kylafis, N. D., & Madore, B. F. 2004, A&A 414, 45Google Scholar
Popescu, C. C., Tuffs, R. J., Madore, B. F., et al. 2005, ApJ 619, L75Google Scholar
Popescu, C., et al. 2011, A&A 527, 109Google Scholar
Prescott, K. M., et al. 2007, ApJ 668, 182Google Scholar
Ptak, A., et al. 2007, ApJ, 667, 826Google Scholar
Ranalli, P., Comastri, A., & Setti, G. 2003, A&A, 399, 39Google Scholar
Ranalli, P., Comastri, A., Zamorani, G., et al. 2012, A&A, 542, A16Google Scholar
Recchi, S., Calura, F., & Kroupa, P. 2009, A&A, 499, 711Google Scholar
Reddy, N. A. & Steidel, C. C. 2004, ApJ (Letters), 603, L13Google Scholar
Reggiani, M. M. & Meyer, M. R. 2011, ApJ, 738, 60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Relaño, M., Kennicutt, R. C. Jr., Eldridge, J. J., Lee, J. C., & Verley, S. 2012, MNRAS, 423, 2933Google Scholar
Rosolowsky, E. 2005, PASP, 117, 1403Google Scholar
Rosolowsky, E., et al. 2008, A&AR, 15, 189Google Scholar
Sajina, A., Scott, D., Dennefeld, M., Dole, H., Lacy, M., & Lagache, G. 2006, MNRAS 369, 939Google Scholar
Schaerer, D. & de Barros, S. 2013, A&A 549, 4Google Scholar
Schaye, J. 2004, ApJ, 609, 667Google Scholar
Schechtman-Rook, A., Bershady, M. A., & Wood, K. 2012, ApJ 746, 70Google Scholar
Schilbach, E. & Röser, S. 2008, A&A, 489, 105Google Scholar
Schuller, F., et al. 2009, A&A, 504, 415Google Scholar
Sharma, S., Corbelli, E., Giovanardi, C., Hunt, L. K., & Palla, F. 2011, A&A, 534, A96Google Scholar
Siebenmorgen, R., Krügel, E., & Spoon, H. W. W. 2004, A&A, 414, 123Google Scholar
Siebenmorgen, R. & Krügel, E. 2007 A&A, 461, 445Google Scholar
Silva, L., et al. 1998, ApJ 509, 103Google Scholar
Stamatellos, D., Hubber, D. A., & Whitworth, A. P. 2007, MNRAS, 382, L30Google Scholar
Symeonidis, M., Georgakakis, A., Seymour, N., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 417, 2239Google Scholar
Testi, L., Palla, F., & Natta, A. 1998, A&A, 133, 81Google Scholar
Testi, L., Palla, F., Prusti, T., Natta, A., & Maltagliati, S. 1997, A&A, 320, 159Google Scholar
Thies, I. & Kroupa, P. 2007, ApJ, 671, 767Google Scholar
Thies, I. & Kroupa, P. 2008, MNRAS, 390, 1200Google Scholar
Thies, I., Kroupa, P., Goodwin, S. P., Stamatellos, D., & Whitworth, A. P. 2010, ApJ, 717, 577Google Scholar
Tremonti, C. A., Heckman, T. M., Kauffmann, G., et al. 2004, ApJ, 613, 898Google Scholar
Toomre, A. 1964, ApJ, 139, 1217Google Scholar
Tuffs, R. J., Popescu, C. C., Völk, H. J., Kylafis, N. D., & Dopita, M. A. 2004, A&A 419, 821Google Scholar
Tzanavaris, P. & Georgantopoulos, I. 2008, A&A, 480, 663Google Scholar
van Dokkum, P. G. & Conroy, C. 2010, Nature, 468, 940Google Scholar
van Dokkum, P. G. & Conroy, C. 2011, ApJ (Letters), 735, L13Google Scholar
Vattakunnel, S., Tozzi, P., Matteucci, F., et al. 2012, MNRAS, 420, 2190Google Scholar
Walcher, J., et al. 2010, Ap&SS 331, 1Google Scholar
Weidner, C. & Kroupa, P. 2004, MNRAS, 348, 187Google Scholar
Weidner, C. & Kroupa, P. 2005, ApJ, 625, 754Google Scholar
Weidner, C. & Kroupa, P. 2006, MNRAS, 365, 1333Google Scholar
Weidner, C., Kroupa, P., & Bonnell, I. A. D. 2010, MNRAS, 401, 275Google Scholar
Weidner, C., Kroupa, P., & Larsen, S. S. 2004, MNRAS, 350, 1503Google Scholar
Weidner, C., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 412, 979Google Scholar
Weisz, D. R., Johnson, B. D., Johnson, L. C., et al. 2012, ApJ, 744, 44Google Scholar
Whitworth, A., Bate, M. R., Nordlund, Å., Reipurth, B., & Zinnecker, H. 2007, Protostars and Planets V, 459Google Scholar
Whitworth, A., Stamatellos, D., Walch, S., et al. 2010, in IAU Symposium, Vol. 266, IAU Symposium, ed. de Grijs, R. & Lépine, J. R. D., 264–271Google Scholar
Whitworth, A. P., Bhattal, A. S., Chapman, S. J., Disney, M. J., & Turner, J. A. 1994, MNRAS, 268, 291Google Scholar
Wilkins, S. M., et al. 2008, MNRAS, 385, 687Google Scholar
Wilson, C. D. 1997, ApJ (Letters), 487, L49Google Scholar
Wu, H., Cao, C., Hao, C.-N., et al. 2005, ApJ (Letters), 632, L79Google Scholar
Wu, H., Zhu, Y.-N., Cao, C., & Qin, B. 2007, ApJ, 668, 87Google Scholar
Wuyts, S., et al. 2011, ApJ 738, 106Google Scholar
Xu, C., Hacking, P. B., Fang, F., Shupe, D. L., Lonsdale, C. J., Lu, N. Y., Helou, G., Stacey, G. J., & Ashby, M. L. N. 1998, ApJ 508, 576Google Scholar
Young, J. S. & Knezek, P. M. 1989, ApJ (Letters), 347, L55Google Scholar
Yuan, F.-T., et al. 2011, PASJ, 63, 1207Google Scholar
Zhu, Y.-N., et al. 2008, ApJ 686, 155Google Scholar