Milk production in the tropics will typically follow one of two general strategies: either the use of crossbreeding using exotic cattle on the indigenous cattle or the maintenance of purebred Bos taurus dairy breeds. The current work investigates the use of the Holstein as a producer of fresh milk and replacement stock (RS) in Indonesia. In an attempt to ensure a sustainable system which maintains RS, one dairy breeding station (BS) was operated with intensive management in a favourable elevated location in Banyumas district, Central Java. A number of smallholder dairy farmers (SF) were established on the surrounding lower area to provide RS at the village level. On both BS and SF AI was the sole mating method using semen from imported Holstein bulls. Maintaining optimal reproductive efficiency is required to achieve proper dairying profitability as inefficient reproduction not only reduces milk yield and the available RS, but also increases culling due to reproductive failure, breeding cost and veterinary fees (Esslemont et al., 2001). The aim of this research is to evaluate the various indices of reproductive performance in Holsteins in the two locations.