Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 February 2017
1 2 Dall. 419, 474 (1793).
2 Art. I, §8, cl. 10.
3 Art. VI, cl. 2.
4 Murray v. Schooner Charming Betsy, 2 Cranch 64, 118.
5 See Head Money cases, 112 U.S. 580 (1884); Whitney v. Robertson, 124 U.S. 190, 194 (1888); The Chinese Exclusion case, 130 U.S. 581, 600, 602–03 (1889).
6 175 U.S. 677 (1900).
7 112 S. Ct. 2188 (1992), reprinted in 31 ILM 900 (1992).
8 Id. at 2193.
9 Id. at 2206.
10 Id. at 2206, note 6, quoting State v. Ebrahim, S. AFR. L. REP. (Apr.–June 1991).
11 Id. at 2565.
12 Id., emphasis added.
13 113 S. Ct. 2577 (1993) (dissenting opinion).
14 Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86, 100 (1958).
15 Id. at 101.
16 Coker v. Georgia, 433 U.S. 584 (1977).
17 Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782 (1982).
18 Thompson v. Oklahoma, 487 U.S. 815 (1987).
19 Id. at 830.
20 Id. at 868, note 14.
21 492 U.S. 361 (1989).
22 Id. at 369, note 1.
23 Id. at 389.
24 Id. at 390.
23 Louis Henkin, How Nations Behave 47 (2d ed. 1979).