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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 February 2017
1 These efforts to avoid the involvement of U.S. forces in combat in Lebanon ultimately proved to be abortive when on October 23, 1983, 241 marines were killed as a result of a suicidal bombing attack. This in turn precipitated escalation of the violence in Lebanon and led to the withdrawal of the multi-national force in recognition of the untenability of its position.