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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 February 2017
1 The “Bernstein exception” derives its name from Bernstein v. N.Y. Nederlandsche-Amerikaanasche Stoomvaart-Maat-schaapii, 173 F.2d 72 (2d Cir. 1949), modified 210 F.2d 375 (2d Cir. 1954), in which the U.S. Department of State advised the second circuit that foreign relations considerations did not require the application of the act of state doctrine.