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On Being Accountable in a Kaleidoscopic World*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2017

Edith Brown Weiss
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Type
Manley O. Hudson Medal Lecture
Information
Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting , Volume 104 , 2010 , pp. 477 - 490
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 2010

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Footnotes

*

A slightly modified version of this address appeared at 50 Indian J. Int’l L. 165 (2010).

References

1 United Nations, Growth in United Nations Membership, 1945-present, http://www.un.org/en/members/growth.shtml.

2 U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Estimates of World Population, http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html.

3 U.S. Census Bureau, International Database, http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/wordpopinfo.

4 United Nations, supra note 1.

5 6 Union of International Organizations, Yearbook of International Organizations 2008-2009 (7th ed. 2008).

6 World Bank, World Development Indicators 2008: Poverty Data Supplement 1-2 (2008).

7 Weiss, Edith Brown, International Law in a Kaleidoscopic World, 1 Asian J. Int’l L. 21–32 (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

8 Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English (2009).

9 Financial Stability Board, at http://www.financialstabilityboard.org/.

10 See generally Cosmopolitan Democracy: An Agenda for a New World Order (Archibugi, Daniele & Held, David eds., 1995)Google Scholar.

11 Pink Chaddis Still Keep Coming In, Times (India), Feb. 13, 2009, available at http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Bangalore/Pink_chaddis_still_keep_coming_in_/articleshow/4121276.cms.

12 Baker, Luke, Tamils Block London to Protest Sri Lanka Fighting, Reuters, Apr. 20, 2009 Google Scholar, http://www.reuters.-com/article/idUSLK719456.

13 See, e.g., Wage Project, at http://www.wageproject.org/.

14 Parry, Sam, 72 Hour Campaign Generates 300,000 Calls, Envtl. Def. Fund Blog, Mar. 15, 2010 Google Scholar, http://blogs.edf.org/climate411/2010/03/15/72-hour-campaign-generates-300000-calls/.

15 Jesuit Communications-East Asia and Oceania (JESCOMEAO), The JRS Campaign to Ban Landmines (Mar. 1998).

16 Teich, Mikulás, Carpatho-Ukraine, the “Velvet Revolution,” and the October Revolution, 42 Hist. J. 1169–78 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

17 State of the Blogosphere 2009, Technorati, http://technorati.com/blogging/feature/state-of-the-blogosphere-2009/.

18 Singer, Adam, Social Media, Web 2.0 and Internet Stats, The Future Buzz Google Scholar, http://thefuturebuzz.com/2009/01/12/social-media-web-20-internet-numbers-stats/.

19 Koch, Paul, Supposedly Dismal Twitter Statistics Actually Indicate Strength, Viget Engage (June 18, 2009)Google Scholar, http://www.viget.com/engage/supposedly-dismal-twitter-statistics-actually-mdicate-strength.

20 Id.

21 Twitter Provided a Vital Link in Mumbai Terrorist Attach, Impact Lab (Nov. 28, 2008), http://www.impactlab.-com/2008/11/28/twitter-provided-a-vital-link-in-mumbai-terrorist-attacks/.

22 E.g., Blogs from the U.S. Government, USA.GOV, http://www.usa.gov/Topics/Reference_Shelf/News/blog.shtml.

23 Http://se2009.wordpress.com/.

24 Zuckerman, Ethan, Mobile Phones and Social Activism, Techsoup (June 20, 2007)Google Scholar, http://www.techsoup.org/learningceriter/hardware/page7216.cfm.

25 See generally Internet Censorship in China, N.Y. Times, Mar. 23, 2010, available at http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/news/intemationaycountriesandterritories/china/mternet_censorship/index.htrnl; Erdbrink, Thomas & Serjoie, Kay Armin, Iran Blocking Foreign, Domestic Web Sites to Curb Anti-Government Activists, Wash. Post, March 10, 2010 Google Scholar, available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/09/AR2010030903478.html.

26 Yasuaki Onuma, A Trans-Civilizational Perspective of International Law: Lectures in Public International Law at the Hague Academy of International Law, July 30-August 3, 2007, available at http://www.ppl.nl/summercourses/readinglist.php?year=2007&lecturer=onuma&maintopic=Public%20International%20Law.

27 UN In’l Law Comm’n, Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, G.A. Res. 56/83, annex, UN Doc. A/56/49(Vol. I)/Corr. 4 (Dec. 12, 2001), available at http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instraments/english/draft%20articles/9_6_2001.pdf.

28 Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its Sixty-First Session (4 May-5 June and 6 July-7 August 2009), UN Doc. A/64/10, available at http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/reports/2009/2009report.htm.

29 See generally Brunnée, Jutta, International Legal Accountability Through the Lens of the Law of State Responsi bility, 36 Neth. Y.B. Int’l L. 21-56 (2005)Google Scholar; Curtin, Deirdre & Nollkaemper, André, Conceptualizing Accountability in International and European Law, 36 Neth. Y.B. Int’l L. 3-20 (2005)Google Scholar.

30 Int’l Law Ass’n, Berlin Conference (2004): Accountability of International Organisations, available at http://www.ila-hq.org/en/committees/index.cfm/cid/9.

31 Blagescu, Monica & Lloyd, Robert, One World Trust: Global Accountability Report (2006)Google Scholar.

32 See Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/accountable. Webster’s New International Dictionary of the English Language (unabridged) in 1946 defined accountable as “answerable” (at 16).

33 See, e.g., Keohane, Robert O., The Concept of Accountability in World Politics and the use of Force, 24 Mich. J. Int’l L. 1121–41 (2003)Google Scholar.

34 Engaging Countries: Strengthening Compliance with International Environmental Accords (Weiss, Edith Brown & Jacobson, Harold K. eds., 2000)Google Scholar.

35 Democratic Accountability and the use of Force in International Law (Ku, Charlotte & Jacobson, Harold K. eds., 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

36 Grant, Ruth W. & Keohane, Robert O., Accountability and Abuses of Power in World Politics, 99 Am. Pol. Sci. Rev. 29–43 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

37 Id.

38 Id.

39 Danchin, Peter G., Whose Public? Which Law? Mapping the Internal External Distinction in International Law, in Sanctions, Accountability and Governance in A Globalized World (Rubenstein, Kim & Farrell, Jeremy eds., 2009)Google Scholar, available at http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1755&con-text=fac_pubs.

40 Weiss, Edith Brown, Bottom Up Accountability, 37 Envtl. Poly & L. 259 (2007)Google Scholar.

41 Ebrahim, Alnoor, Towards a Reflexive Accountability in NGOS, in Global Accountabilities: Participation, Pluralism, and Public Ethics 193-223 (Ebrahim, A. & Weisband, E. eds., 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

42 World Bank Inspection Panel, Accountability at the World Bank: The Inspection Panel at 15 Years (2009), available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTINSPECTIONPANEL/Resources/380793-1254158345788An-spectionPanel2009.pdf (last visited Mar. 20, 2010).

43 For example, the World Bank policies and procedures include the following: World Bank Operational Policy and Bank Procedure for Physical Cultural Resources, OP/BP 4.11 (2006); World Bank Operational Policy and Bank Procedure for Indigenous Peoples, OP/BP 4.10 (2005); World Bank Procedure on Country Assistance Strategies, BP 2.11 (2005); World Bank Operational Policy and Bank Procedure for Forests, OP/BP 4.36 (2002); World Bank Operational Policy and Bank Procedure for Project Supervision, Op/BP 13.05 (2001); World Bank Operational Policy and Bank Procedure for Projects on International Waterways, OP/BP 7.50 (2001); World Bank Operational Policy and Bank Procedure for Natural Habitats, OP/BP 4.04 (2001); World Bank Operational Policy and Bank Procedure for Involuntary Settlement, OP/BP 4.12 (2001); World Bank Operational Policy for Environmental Action Plans, OP 4.02 (2000, rev. 2002); World Bank Operational Policy for Water Resource Management, OP/BP 4.07 (2000); World Bank Operational Policy and Bank Procedure for Economic Evaluation of Investment Operations. OP/BP 10.04 (1994). For further information on World Bank policies and procedures, see World Bank Operations Manual, http://go.worldbank.org/DZDZ9038D0 (last visited Feb. 19, 2010).

44 Ibrahim F. I. Shihata, the World Bank Inspection Panel: in Practice (2000) (‘“approval culture’ [where] less attention has been given to the commitment of borrowers and their implementing agencies, or to the degree of ‘ownership’ assumed by borrowers of the projects financed by the Bank and the policies underlying them”); see also Lori Udall, The World Bank Inspection Panel: A Three-Year Review (1997) (stressing the role of Ngos working with influential members of the U.S. House of Representatives who threatened to withhold U.S. contributions to the tenth replenishment of Ida resources if the Inspection Panel was not created).

45 World Bank Inspection Panel, Annual Report: July 1, 2006 to June 30, 2007, at 13 (2007), available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTINSPECTIONPANEL/Resources/InspP_2007_Annual_Report.pdf.

46 Asian Development Bank [ADB], Review of the Inspection Function: Establishment of a New Adb Accountability Mechanism (2003), available at http://www.adb.org/Documents/Policies/ADB_Accountability_Mechanism/de-fault.asp?p=policies; African Development Bank, African Development Fund, Board of Directors, Independent Review Mechanism, Res. B/BD/2004/9-F/BD/2004/7 (2004), available at http://www.afdb.org/en/about-us/structure/independent-review-mechanism; European Bank for Reconstruction and Development [EBRD], The Independent Recourse Mechanism, BDS 03-33 (2003), available at http://www.ebrd.com/about/integrity/irm/about/index.htm; EBRD, Project Complaint Mechanism, approved by the Board of Executive Directors, May 6, 2009, available at http://www.ebrd.corn/oppor/ngo/am/PCM.pdf; EBRD, Project Complaint Mechanism: Rules of Procedure, May 6, 2009, available at http://www.ebrd.com/about/integrity/irm/about/pcm.pdf; Inter-American Development Bank [1DB], Policy Establishing the Independent Consultation and Investigation Mechanism, Feb. 17, 2010, available at http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx7docnums35074768; International Finance Corporation Compliance Advisor/Ombudsman, Operational Guidelines (2007), available at http://www.cao-ombudsman.org/html-english/about.htm; Japan Bank for International Cooperation, Major Rules for Establishment of Examiner for Environ mental Guidelines (2009), available at http://www.jbic.go.jp/en/about/environment/guideline/disagree; Overseas Private Investment Corporation, Office of Accountability, available at http://www.opic.gov/doingbusiness/accountability/index.asp; Export Development Canada, Resolutions Respecting the Compliance Officer for Export Development Canada (2001), available at http://www.edc.ca/english/compliance.htm .

47 Brown Weiss, supra note 40, at 259.

48 See International Bank for Reconstruction [IBRD] Res. 93-10 (Sept. 22, 1993); International Developmental Association [IDA] Res. 93-6 (Sept. 22, 1993).

49 World Bank Executive Directors, 1999 Clarification of the Board’s Second Review of the Inspection Panel (Apr. 20, 1999), paras. 7-9.

50 E.g., World Bank Inspection Panel, Argentina: Segba V Power Distribution Project, Paraguay: Reform Project for the Water and Telecommunications Sectors, Inspection Panel Review of Management Progress Report on Implementation of the Management Recommendations and Action Plan, and Additional Implementation Measures, Report No. 31521 (Feb. 7, 2005), paras. 57-66, available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTINSPECTIONPanel/Resources/PanelReportinspSecm2005-0001.pdf.

51 World Bank Inspection Panel, Investigation Report for Paraguay—Reform Project for the Water and Telecommunications Sector (Loan No. 3842-PA), Argentina—SEGBA V Power Distribution Project (Loan 2854-AR), Report No. 27995 (Feb. 24, 2004), available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTINSPECTIONPANEL/Resources/FullInvestigationReport.pdf; see also World Bank Inspection Panel, Annual Report: July 1, 2003 to June 30, 2004 (2004), available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTINSPECTIONPANEL/Resources/Annual Report20032004.pdf.

52 World Bank Inspection Panel, Investigation Report for Paraguay, supra note 51.

5 World Bank Inspection Panel, Investigation Report for India: Mumbai Urban Transport Project, Report No. 34725 (Dec. 21, 2005), available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTINSPECTIONPANEL/Resources/Ipnmutpfinal.pdf.

54 World Bank Inspection Panel, supra note 42.

55 Id.

56 World Bank Inspection Panel, Investigation Report: Democratic Republic of Congo: Transitional Support for Economic Recovery Grant and Emergency Economic and Social Reunification Support Project, Report No. 40746-ZR (Aug. 31, 2007), available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTINSPECTIONPANEL/Resources/FINAL Invrepwhole.pdf.

57 Id., Executive Summary, at ix.

58 Id., para. 533.

59 World Bank Inspection Panel, supra note 53.

60 Id.

61 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Management Report and Recommendation in Response to the Inspection Panel Investigation Report, India, Mumbai Urban Transport Project, Report No. Insp/R2005-005/4 (Feb. 27, 2006), available at http://siteresources. worldbank.org/EXTINSPECTIONPANEL/ResourcesANDIA-ManagementResponse.pdf.

62 World Bank Inspection Panel, supra note 53, paras. 27-30. The Panel appreciated the good working relations with India throughout this investigation.

63 World Bank Inspection Panel, Investigation Report: Albania: Integrated Coastal Zone Management and Clean up Project, Report No. 46596-AL (Nov. 24, 2008), paras. 178-217.

64 World Bank Inspection Panel, Investigation Report: Cambodia: Forest Concession Management and Control Pilot Project, Report No. 35556 (Nov. 24, 2008), para. 371.

65 Urbina, Ian, Mobs Are Born as Word Grows by Text Message, N.Y. Times (Mar. 25, 2010)Google Scholar, at Al, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/us/25mobs.html.