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Drone Visuals and Compliance with IHL

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 March 2023

Shiri Krebs
Shiri Krebs*
Affiliation:
Professor of Law, Deakin Law School; Chair, Lieber Society on the Law of Armed Conflict, American Society og International Law (ASIL); Co-Lead, Law and Policy Theme, Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC); Affiliate Scholar, Stanford Center on International Security and Cooperation (CISAC). An earlier, pre-presentation draft of this contribution was published as Shiri Krebs, Through the Drone Looking Glass: Visualisation Technologies and Military Decision-Making, Articles of War (Feb. 11, 2022), at https://lieber.westpoint.edu/visualization-technologies-military-decision-making.
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Abstract

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Type
New Voices in International Law: Personalizing International Law in Times of Crisis
Information
Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting , Volume 116 , 2022 , pp. 132 - 136
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The American Society of International Law

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References

1 Matthieu Aikins, Times Investigation: In U.S. Drone Strike, Evidence Suggests No ISIS Bomb, N.Y. Times (Sept. 10, 2021), at https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/10/world/asia/us-air-strike-drone-kabul-afghanistan-isis.html.

2 U.S. Dep't of Defense Press Release, Secretary of Defense Austin and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Milley Press Briefing on the End of the U.S. War in Afghanistan (Sept. 1, 2021), at https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/2762169/secretary-of-defense-austin-and-chairman-of-the-joint-chiefs-of-staff-gen-mille/.

3 Eric Schmitt, No U.S. Troops Will Be Punished for Deadly Kabul Strike, Pentagon Chief Decides, N.Y. Times (Dec. 13, 2021), at https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/13/us/politics/afghanistan-drone-strike.html.

4 U.S. Dep't of Defense Press Release, Pentagon Press Secretary John F. Kirby and Air Force Lt. Gen. Sami D. Said Hold a Press Briefing (Nov. 3, 2021), at https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/2832634/pentagon-press-secretary-john-f-kirby-and-air-force-lt-gen-sami-d-said-hold-a-p.

5 Michael N. Schmitt, Precision Attack and International Humanitarian Law, 87 Int'l Rev. Red Cross 445 (2005).

6 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), June 8, 1977, Art. 57.

7 Matthew C. Waxman, Detention as Targeting: Standards of Certainty and Detention of Suspected Terrorists, 108 Colum. L. Rev. 1365 (2008).

8 Tom Oakley, Closing the Gaps: Pre-deployment Role of the Military Legal Adviser, EJIL:Talk! (Nov. 23, 2021), at https://www.ejiltalk.org/closing-the-gaps-pre-deployment-role-of-the-military-legal-adviser.

9 Michael J. Adams & Ryan Goodman, “Reasonable Certainty” vs “Near Certainty” in Military Targeting–What the Law Requires, Just Security (Feb. 15, 2018) at https://www.justsecurity.org/52343/reasonable-certainty-vs-near-certainty-military-targeting-what-law-requires.

10 Paul Slovic, Baruch Fischhoff & Sarah Lichtenstein, Facts and Fears: Understanding Perceived Risk, in Societal Risk Assessment (Richard C. Schwing & Walter A. Albers eds., 1980).

11 Samuel Moyn, Humane: How the United States Abandoned Peace and Reinvented War (2022); Craig Jones, The War Lawyers (2020).

12 John McGuirl, Nadine B. Sarter & David D. Woods, Effects of Real-Time Imaging on Decision-Making in a Simulated Incident Command Task, 1 Int'l J. Info. Systems for Crisis Response & Mgmt. 54 (2009).

13 Matthew Rosenbergn, Pentagon Details Chain of Errors in Strike on Afghan Hospital, N.Y. Times (Apr. 29, 2016), at https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/30/world/asia/afghanistan-doctors-without-borders-hospital-strike.html.

14 Ashley S. Deeks, Predicting Enemies, 104 Va. L. Rev. 1529 (2018).

15 Tomer Broude, Behavioral International Law, 163 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1099 (2014).

16 Anne van Aaken, Behavioral International Law and Economics, 55 Harv. Int'l L.J. 421 (2014).

17 Shiri Krebs, Predictive Technologies and Opaque Epistemology in Counterterrorism Decision-making, in 9/11 and the Rise of Global Anti-terrorism Law: How the Security Council Rules the World (Arianna Vedaschi & Kim Lane Scheppele eds., 2021).

18 Id.

19 In another publication, I shed light on some of the biases that affected the decision-making process that led to the targeted killing of Salah Shehade by Israeli forces, an operation that resulted in the death of thirteen civilians, eight of whom were children (including Shehade's thirteen-year-old daughter). Shiri Krebs, The Invisible Frames Affecting Wartime Investigations: Legal Epistemology, Metaphors, and Cognitive Biases, in International Law's Invisible Frames (Andrea Bianchi & Moshe Hirsch eds., 2021).

20 Moshe Hirsch, Cognitive Sociology, Social Cognition and Coping with Racial Discrimination in International Law, 30 Eur. J. Int'l L. 1319 (2019).

21 Tomer Broude & Inbar Levy, Outcome Bias and Expertise in Investigations Under International Humanitarian Law, 30 Eur. J. Int'l L. 1303 (2019).

22 Krebs, supra note 19.