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Contemporary Soviet Doctrine on the Sources of General International Law

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2017

Christopher Osakwe
Christopher Osakwe*
Affiliation:
Institute of Comparative Law, Tulane University
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Abstract

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Type
Contemporary Views on the Sources of International Law: The Effect of U.N. Resolutions on Emerging Legal Norms
Information
Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting , Volume 73 , 1979 , pp. 310 - 324
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1979

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References

1 The emphasis in this paper is on the sources of general international law Sources of regional international law, e.g. socialist international law, differ markedly from those of general international law. For a general discussion of the nature and sources of socialist international law see Hazard, Renewed Emphasis upon a Socialist International Law, 65 AJIL 142 (1971); Butler, ‘Socialist International Law’ or ‘Socialist Principles of International Relations’? 65 AJIL 796 (1971); Osakwe, Socialist International Law Revisited, 66 AJIL 596 (1972).

2 For a general discussion of the Soviet view on the juridical nature of general international law, see Osakwe, Public International Law, in F. Feldbrugge (ed.), 2 Encyclopedia of Soviet Law 558-64 (1973); G. T unkin, IdeologicheskaiaB or’bai Mezhdunarodnogo P rava P deological Struggle and International Law] (1967); G. Tunkin, Teoriia Mezhdunarodnogo Prava [The T heory of International Law] 231-306 (1970); Osakwe, Soviet Pactomania and Critical Negativism in Contemporary International Law—An Inquiry into the Soviet Drive for a Comprehensive Codification of General International Law, 19 Law in Eastern E urope 291-316 (1975).

3 See Ignatenko, D. & Ostapenko, G.(eds.), International Law, infra note 5, at 56 Google Scholar

4 Id

5 For a general discussion of the Soviet view on the subjects of general international law, see G. Ignatenko and D. Ostapenko (eds.), Mezhdunarodnoe Pravo [International L aw] at 103-39 (1978); F. K ozhevnikov, V. K oretskii, D. Levin, G. T unkin. N. U shakov, V. Chkhikvadze, V. Shurshalov (eds.), 1 K urs Mezhdunarodnogo Prava [Treatise of International Law] at 145-66 (1967). [Hereinafter cited as: F. K ozhevnikov et al., T reatise of International Law.]

6 The modern Soviet view on the sources of general international law is crystallized in the following eminent commentaries: V. L isovskii , Mezhdunarodnoe Pravo [International Law] at 8 (1970); F. Kozhevniko v , V. Menzhinskii, A. Movchan, and G. Morozov (eds.), Kurs Mezhdunarodnogo Prava [Treat is eof International Law] at 39-46 (2nd edition, 1966); F. Kozhevniko v , V. Menzhinskii , G. Morozov , and V. Romanov (eds.), UchebnyiKurs Mezhdunarodnogo Prava [Instructional Treatise of International Law] at 41-49 (1964); D. Levin and G. Kaliuzhnaia , Mezhdunarodnoe Pravo [International Law] at 79-82 (1964).

7 See Durdenevskii,, V. Mezhdunarodnogo Prava, Istochniki [Sources of International Law] at 10 (1948),Google Scholar cited in Lukin,, P. Mezhdunarodnogo Prava, Istochniki [Sources of International Law]at46 (1960).Google Scholar

8 Kozhevnikov, F. etal., 1 Treatise of International Law, supra note 5, at 167.Google Scholar

9 Id. at 178.

10 Id. at 168.

11 Lukin,, P. Sources of International Law, supra note 7, at 5.Google Scholar

12 Ignatenko, G. & Ostapenko,, D. International Law , supra note 5.Google Scholar

13 Id. at 65.

14 Kozhevnikov, F. etal., 1 Treatise of International Law, supra note 5, at 168. Google Scholar

15 Id. at 169.

16 Lukin,, P. Sources of International Law, supranote 7, at 14-15. See also id. at 123Google Scholar

17 Kozhnevnikov,, F. etal., 1 Treatise of International Law,supra note 5, at 168. See also Lukin,, P. Id. at 7-11.Google Scholar

18 Ignatenko, G. & Ostapenko,, D. International Law ,supra note 5, at 56-57. Google Scholar

19 For a general discussion of the modern Soviet view on the legal nature of international treatises see Talalaey, A. ,Iuridicheskaia P riroda Mezhdunarodnogo Dogovora [The Juridical Nature of an International Treaty](1963).Google Scholar

20 Kozhevnikov, F. etal., 1 Treatise of International Law, supra note 5, at 171.Google Scholar

21 Id. at 172.

22 Id.

24 24/d. at 179.

23 Id. at 178. See also Ignatenko, G. & Ostapenko,, D. International Law , supra note 5. at 57.Google Scholar

25 Id.

26 Id. at 181.

27 Id. at 178. See also Ignatenko, G. & Ostapenko,, D. International Law , supra note 5. at 57.Google Scholar

28 Kozhevnikov, F. et al., 1 Treatise of International Law, supra note 5, at 181 Google Scholar.

29 G. Ignatenko and Ostapenko, D. , International Law, supra note 5, at 69 Google Scholar.

30 Kozhevnikov, F. et al., 1 Treatise of International Law, supra note 5, at 181 Google Scholar.

31 Id. See also Tunkin, Sorok Let Sosushchestvovaniia i Mezhdunarodnogo Prava [Forty Years of Coexistence and International L aw ] S o v ie t Y. B. IntLL. 15, 17 (1958 ) [Hereinafter cited as:Tunkin, Forty Years of Coexistence, S.Y.I.L. (1958)].

32 Kozhevnikov, F. et al., 1 Treatise of International Law, supra note 5, at 182 Google Scholar.

33 Id.

34 Id. For a general discussion of the concept of jus cogens in Soviet doctrine see G. Ignatenko and Ostapenko, D., International Law, supra note 5, at 61-62 Google Scholar.

35 The principles of Soviet doctrine that are discussed in this paragraph have been extracted from the following general sources: Kozhevnikov, F. et al., 1 Treatise of International Law, supra note 5, at 183-87 Google Scholar; Tunkin, G. , Voprosy Teorii Mezhdunarodnogo Prava [TheoreticalQuestions of International Law] at 114 (1962)Google Scholar; G. Ignatenko and Ostapenko, D., International Law, supra note 5, at 61-62, 67-68Google Scholar.

36 For a general discussion of the evolution of international treaty law and international customs, see Kozhevnikov, F. et al., 1 Treatise of International Law, supra note 5, at 187 Google Scholar.

37 Lukin, P. , Sources of International Law, supra note 7, at 13 Google Scholar.

38 Id. at 42.

39 Kozhevnikov, F. et al., 1 Treatise of International Law, supra note 5, at 188-89 Google Scholar; G. Ignatenko and Ostapenko, D., International Law, supra note 5, at 70 Google Scholar.

40 U.N. GAOR Res. 32/197 was adopted without a vote on Dec. 20, 1977. It invites theSecretary General of the Organization to appoint a Director General for Development and International Economic Cooperation to act under the authority of the Secretary General.

41 Lukin, P., Sources of International Law, supra note 7, at 115 Google Scholar.

42 Id. at 110-11.

43 See Tunkin, G., Osnovy Sovremennogo M ezhdunarodnogo P rava [The Fundamental Principlesof Contemporary International Law] at 13 (1956)Google Scholar.

44 Krylov, , Les notions principales du droit des gens, 70 Recueil des Cours de l'Academie de Droit International 443-44 (1947)Google Scholar. In an article written in 1954, Professor Krylov frontally attacked those Soviet writers who limit the sources o f international law to just internationaltreaties and international customs. In his view resolutions of international organizations, including rules o f procedure adopted by the U.N. General Assembly, U.N. Security Council, the ECOSOC of the United Nations and the I.C.J. constitute independent sources o f international law. See Krylov, , Obsuzhdeniu Voprosov Teorii Mezhdunarodnogo Prava [A Discussion of the Theoretical Questions of International Law] , 7 Soviet State and Law 74-79 (1954)Google Scholar. ProfessorKrylov's view on this question is shared by other Soviet writers including V.N. Durdenevskii, D.B. Levin, N.M. Minasiian, V.I. Lisovskii, E.A. Korovin, et al. See Lukin, P., Sources ofInternational Law, supra note 7, at 105-25 Google Scholar.

45 Kozhevnikov, F. et al., 1 Treatise of International Law, supra note 5, at 188 Google Scholar.

46 Id.

47 See P. Lukin, Sources of International Law, supra note 7, at 111.

48 Kozhevnikov, F. et al., 1 Treatise of International Law, supra note 5, at 168 Google Scholar.

49 Id. at 195. See also Lukin, P., Theoretical Questions of International Law, supra note 35, at 138-39 Google Scholar.

50 Kozhevnikov, F. et al., 1 Treatise of International Law, supra note 5, at 195 Google Scholar.

51 Id.

52 Id .

53 Id. at 191-92; G. Morozov , The United Nations Organization, at 208-20 (1962).

54 F. Kozhevnikov, Id. at 192; Lukin, P., Theoretical Questions of International Law, supra note 35, at 122-36 Google Scholar.

55 F. Kozhevnikovet al,,Id.

56 Id. at 194.

57 Id. at 192.

58 See Lukin, P., Sources of International Law, supra note 7, at 54 Google Scholar.

59 Id. at 55, 54.

60 See Levin, D. , Osnovnye P roblemy S ovremennogo Mezhdunarodnogo Prava [The Fundamental Problems of Contemporary International Law] at 124, 126 Google Scholar.

61 See V. Durdenevskii and S. K rylov (eds.), Mezhdunarodnoe Pravo [International Law] at 26-27, cited in P. Lukin, Sources of International Law, supra note 7, at 94.

62 See Ignatenko, G. & Ostapenko, D., International Law supra note 5. The treatise is co-authored by five law professors at the department of international and foreign law at the Sverdlovsk Law Institute. They were joined by a sixth contributing author, Professor Baskinyi of Leningrad University.Google Scholar

63 Id. at 66.

64 Id. at 67.

65 Id. at 70-71.

66 Ignatenko, G. & Ostapenko, D., International Law, supra note 5, at 71-72 Google Scholar.

67 Id. at 67.

68 Id. at 72.

69 Id. at 72-73.

70 Id. at 73-74.