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Towards a Code of Conduct for Internal Armed Conflicts: Current Efforts, Problems, and Opportunities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2017

Dieter Fleck
Dieter Fleck*
Affiliation:
International Agreements and Policy, Federal Ministry of Defense, Germany; International Institute of Humanitarian Law, San Remo; San Remo Research Project on Humanitarian Protection in Non-International Armed Conflicts
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Abstract

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Type
Humanitarian Law on the Conflict in Afghanistan
Information
Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting , Volume 96 , 2002 , pp. 25 - 32
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 2002

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References

1 Reports of the Secretary-General on Fundamental Standards of Humanity, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1998/87 (1998); UN Doc. E/CN.4/1999/92 (1998); UN Doc. E/CN.4/2000/94 (1999); UN Doc. E/CN.4/2001/91 (2001), UN Doc. E/CN.4/2002/103 (2001) ; see also Report of the Expert Meeting on Fundamental Standards of Humanity, Stockholm, Feb. 22-24, 2000, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2000/145 (2000).

2 Gen. Comment 29, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, at art. 4, in UN Doc. CCPR/Cy 21/Rev. 1/Add.11 (2001).

3 UN Gaor Int’l Law Comm’n, 53d Sess., Supp. No. 10 at ch. IV, sec. E, UN Doc. A/56/10 (2001).

4 Prosecutor v. Kordic and Cerkez, No. IT-95-14/2-T, Judgement of the Trial Chamber, of 26 February 2001; Prosecutor v. Krstic, No. IT-98-33-T, Judgement of the Trial Chamber of 2 August 2001; Prosecutor v. Delalic, et al. (Celebici), No. IT-96-21-A Appeals Chamber, Judgement of 20 February 2001; Prosecutor v. Kunarac et al., Nos. IT-96-23-T and IT-96-23/I-T, Judgement of 22 February 2001; Prosecutor v. Kambanda, case Ictr97-23-A, Appeals Chamber Judgement of 19 October 2000; Prosecutor v. Furundzija, No. IT-95-17/1-T, Trial Chamber Judgement of 10 December 1998; Prosecutor v. Tadic, Appeal Judgement on allegations of contempt against prior counsel, Milan Vujin, Judgement of 27 February 2001.

5 Reports of the Secretary-General to the Security Council on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, UN Doc. S/1999/957 (1999) and UN Doc. S/2001/331 (2001); Report of the Secretary-General on Prevention of Armed Conflict, UN Doc. A/55/985-S/2001/574 (2001).

6 SC Res.1265 (1999); SC Res. 1296 (2000). See also UN Scor, 4312th mtg., Apr. 23, 2001, UN Doc. S/PV.4312 and Resumption 1; UN Scor, 4334th mtg., June 21, 2001, UN Doc. S/PV.4334 and Resumption 1; UN Scor, 4424th mtg., Nov. 21, 2001, UN Doc. S/PV.4424); Letter from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General (June 21, 2001), UN Doc. S/2001/614 (2001).

7 Stahn, Carsten, NGOs and International Peacekeeping—Issues, Prospects and Lessons Learned, 61 Heidelberg J. Int’l L. 379-401 (2001)Google Scholar.

8 Fleck, Dieter, The Role of Individuals in International Humanitarian Law and Challenges for States in Its Developments, in 71 The Law of Armed Conflict: Into the Next Millenium 119 (Schmitt, Michael N. & Green, Leslie C. eds., 1998)Google Scholar.

9 Convention on the Prohibitions of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction, Sept. 18, 1997, 36 ILM 1507 (1997).

10 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict of 14 May 1954, 249 UNTS 240-88.

11 Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict of 26 May 26 1999, 38 ILM 769-82 (1999).

12 It is worth noting that the Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historic Monuments (Roerich Pact) of April 15, 1935, LNTS Vol. CLXVII, No. 5874 290-95 (1936), had no such limitations but underlined “that the treasures of culture be respected and protected in time of war and in peace . ...” Id. at pmbl.

13 Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects of 10 October 1980, as amended on Oct. 13,1995 and May 3, 1996, 1342 UNTS 137-255 (1983); 19 ILM 1523-36 (1980), 35 ILM 1206-17, 1218 (1996).

14 Second Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (Dec. 20, 2001), CCW/CONF.II/MC.I/CRP. 1/Rev. 1.

15 Protocol IV on Blinding Laser Weapons, 1995 (annexed to the 1980 Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effect), 35 ILM 1218 (1996).

16 Amended Protocol Ii on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices, 1996 (annexed to the 1980 Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which Maybe Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects), 35 ILM 1206-17 (1996).

18 International Institute of Humanitarian Law, San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea (Louise Doswald-Beck ed., 1995).

18 Fleck, Dieter, Humanitarian Protection in Non-International Armed Conflicts: The New Research Project of the International Institute of Humanitarian Law, 30 ISR. Y.B. Hum. Rts. 1 (2001)Google Scholar.

19 Department of Defense, DoD Law of War Program, at para. E-1, DoD Directive 5100.7, (July 10, 1979), see Annotated Supplement to the Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations (1997), at ch. 6.1.1, n.5.

20 Federal Ministry of Defence, Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts—Manual, §211 (1992); see Greenwood, Christopher, Comment to §211, Scope of Application of Humanitarian Law: the Handbook of Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts 49 (Fleck, Dieter ed., 1999)Google Scholar.

21 International Institute of Humanitarian Law, Declaration on the Rules of International Humanitarian Law Governing the Conduct of Hostilities in Non-International Armed Conflicts, 30 Int’l Rev. Red Cross 1404-08 (1990).

22 Agreement on Provisional Arrangements in Afghanistan pending the Re-establishment of Permanent Government Institutions (Dec. 5, 2001).

23 UN Doc. A/CONF/611, Annex I; ESC Res. 663C; UN ESCOR, 24th Sess., Supp. No. 1, at 11, UN Doc. E/3048 (1957); amended ESC Res. 2076,UN ESCor, 62th Sess., Supp. No. 1, at 35, UN Doc. E/5988 (1977), available at <http://wwwl.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/glsmr.htm>.

24 Military Tribunal Authorization Act of 2002, S. 1941, 107th Cong., §3 (a) (4) (2002).

25 Coalition of Clergy v. Bush, 189 F.Supp.2d 1036, 1048-49 (CD. Cal. 2002).

26 Veuthey, Michel, Remedies to Promote the Respect of Fundamental Human Values in Non-International Armed Conflicts, 30 Isr. Y.B. Hum. Rts. 37 (2001)Google Scholar.

27 George K. Walker, Responses to Humanitarian Law Violations in Non-International Armed Conflicts: Historical Perspectives and Considerations on Conflicts of Jurisdiction, ISR. Y.B. Hum. Rts., supra note 26, at 79.

28 Cf. ILA Committee on International Human Rights Law and Practice, Final Report on the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction in Respect of Gross Human Rights offences, International Law Association (ed.), Report of the 69th Conference 403-42 (London, 2000).

29 Claus Kress, War Crimes Committed in Non-International Armed Conflict and the Emerging System oflnternational Criminal Justice, ISR. Y.B. Hum. Rts., supra note 26, at 103.

30 O’Connell, Mary Ellen, Humanitarian Assistance in Non-International Armed Conflict: The Fourth Wave of Rights, Duties and Remedies, 31 ISR. Y.B. Hum. Rts. (forthcoming 2002)Google Scholar.

31 Daniel García-Peña Jaramillo, Humanitarian Protection in Non-International Conflicts: A Case Study of Colombia, ISR. Y.B. Hum. Rts., supra note 26, at 179 (2001).

32 Michael H. Hoffman, The Application of International Humanitarian Law in Sri Lanka: A Compliance Based CaseStudy on the Rules of War, ISR. Y.B. Hum. Rts., supra note 26, at 209 (2001).