^* This presentation draws heavily from the author's previous works: Two Concepts of Multiculturalism in Democratic Education in a Multicultural State (Yael Tamir, ed., 1995); and Liberal Nationalism (1993).

¹ Multiculturalism and the Politics of Recoonition 12 (A. Gutmann, ed., 1992).

² See I. Young's instructive discussion of these issues: Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990).

³ Walzer M., Comment, in Multiculturalism and the Politics of Recognition 99 (Gutmann A., ed., 1992).

⁴ Id.

⁵ Id. at 100.

⁶ Kamm, T., Clash of Cultures; Rise of Islam in France Rattles the Populace and Stirs Backlash, Wall St. J., Jan. 5, 1995, at Al, A8 Google Scholar.

⁷ Id.

⁸ Id.

⁹ NaGel, T., Equality and Partiality 169 (1991)Google Scholar.

¹⁰ One could portray this debate not as a conflict between French liberalism and Muslim liberalism, but as a conflict between French illiberalism and a legitimate Muslim demand to protect their way of life. The ideal of civic neutrality the French government clings to cannot justify violations of negative liberties, in general, and in particular restrictions on the kind of garments one can wear. (The author is grateful to Jacob Levi for pointing this out.)

¹¹ See Wringe's, C. discussion of these issues: Educational Rights in Multicultural Societies, in Democratic Education in a Multicultural State (Tamir, Y., ed., 1995)Google Scholar.

¹² Halstead, M., Voluntary Apartheid? Problems of Schooling for Religious and Other Minorities in Democratic States, in Democratic Education in a Multicultural State 257 (Tamir, Y., ed., 1995)Google Scholar.

¹³ Macedo, S., Multiculturalism for Religious Right?: Defending Liberal Civic Education, in Democratic Education in a Multicultural State 224 (Tamir, Y. , ed., 1995)Google Scholar.

¹⁴ Id. at 169.