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International Law as Discipline and Profession

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2017

James Crawford
James Crawford*
Affiliation:
Cambridge University
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Type
Manley O. Hudson Medal Lecture
Information
Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting , Volume 106 , 2012 , pp. 471 - 486
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 2012

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References

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5 H.L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law (2d ed. 1994), ch. 10. It had only rudimentary institutions of adjudication, enforcement and change—no courts of compulsory jurisdiction, no legislature, a frail internal attitude on the part of officials: ‘no other social rules are so close to municipal law as those of international law’, but social rules they remained. Id. at 237.

6 E.g., Austin, John, The Province of Jurisprudence Determined 123 (1995) (1832)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bolton, John, Is there Really “Law” in International Affairs? 10 Transnat’l L. & Contemp. Probs. 1, 48 (2000)Google Scholar. See also Jack Goldsmith & Eric Posner, The Limits of International Law (2005).

7 See Koskenniemi, Martti, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations 3 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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10 See generally discussion in Koskenniemi, supra note 7.

11 See Kennedy, David, Lawfare and Warfare, in the Cambridge Companion to International Law 158 (Crawford, James & Koskenniemi, Martti eds., 2012 CrossRefGoogle Scholar).

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15 A guernsey is an Australian football jumper (short or long-sleeved). To be given a guernsey is to be included in the team; by extension, to be recognized or welcomed, http://www.macmillandictionary.com/thesaurus/british/guernsey#get-a-guernsey-be-given-a-guernsey_1.

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Poi s’ascose nel foco che gli affina
Quando fiam ceu chelìdon—O swallow swallow
Le Prince d’Aquitaine à la tour abolie
These fragments I have shored against my ruins
Why then Ile fit you. Hieronymo’s mad againe.
Datta. Dayadhvam. Damyata.

26 For the Anglo-Polish Treaty of August 25, 1939, see 144 Brit. & Foreign St. Papers 301. For the negotiations, see Gerald Fitzmaurice, Note of 24 August 1939, reprinted in Anthony Carty & Richard Smith, Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice and the World Crisis: A Legal Adviser in the Foreign Office, 1932-1945, at 296 (2000); for the editors’ account, see Id. at 294-95.

21 The German Legal Adviser was Dr. Friedrich Wilhelm Gauss, at http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/german-nazi-foreign-minister-joachim-von-ribbentrop-soviet-news-photo/92610473 which shows Gauss leaning over and pointing something out. He does not appear in the most common photo of the signature ceremony, at http://www.allworldwars.com/Nazi-Soviet%20Relations%201939-1941.html Gaus gave evidence at Nuremberg as to the conclusion of the Pact.

28 Arbitral Award Establishing the Czechoslovak-Hungarian Boundary, 28 R.I.A.A. 401 (1938) (First Vienna Award); Award Relating to the Territory Ceded by Romania to Hungary, 28 R.I.A.A. 407 (1940) (Second Vienna Award).

29 Agreement Concluded at Munich Between Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy, Sept. 29, 1938, at http://avalon.law. yale.edu/iml/munich1.asp.

30 Alfred Lord Tennyson, in Memoriam A. H. H. canto 56 (1850):

Who trusted God was love indeed
And love Creation’s final law
Tho’ Nature, red in tooth and claw
With ravine, shriek’d against his creed.

31 Vagts, Detlev F., International Law in the Third Reich, 84 AJIL 661 (1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

32 See, e.g., the visionary conclusion (which is not a conclusion) to his greatest work, Lauterpacht, Hersch, The Function of Law in the International Community 431–39 (1933, reprinted 2011)Google Scholar.

33 See Crawford, James, Sovereignty as a Legal Value, in the Cambridge Companion to International Law 117 (Crawford, James & Koskenniemi, Martti eds., 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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36 Id. at 36.

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38 Dominic McGoldrick, from ‘9-11’ to the ‘Iraq War 2003’: International Law in an Age of Complexity 6 (2004).

39 Schachter, supra note 9, at 217.

40 Id. at 222; cf. Schachter, supra note 2.

41 Schachter, supra note 9, at 218.

42 De Visscher, supra note 37, at xiv.

43 Lauterpacht, supra note 32, at 161.

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48 See Boswell, James, The Life of Samuel Johnson LL.D. 545 (1799)Google Scholar:

After we came out of the church, we stood talking for some time together of Bishop Berkeley’s ingenious sophistry to prove the non-existence of matter, and that every thing in the universe is merely ideal. I observed, that though we are satisfied his doctrine is not true, it is impossible to refute it. I never shall forget the alacrity with which Johnson answered, striking his foot with mighty force against a large stone, till he rebounded from it, ‘I refute it thus’.

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59 Id.

60 Id. at 14.

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62 Id. at 1905.

63 Id. at 1914.

64 Id. at 1917-18 (emphasis added).

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70 Agreement Between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the French Republic Regarding the Development and Production of a Civil Supersonic Transport Aircraft, Nov. 29, 1962, 453 U.N.T.S. 326. For the attempted British cancellation, see, e.g., Johnman, Lewis & Lynch, Frances M.B., A Treaty Too Far? Britain, France, and Concorde, 1961-1964, 13 20th Century Brit. Hist. 253 (2002)Google Scholar; Trubshaw, Brian, Concorde: The Complete Inside Story 130–32 (3d ed. 2004)Google Scholar.

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75 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Mar. 22, 1985, 1513 U.N.T.S. 324; Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Sept. 16, 1987, 1522 U.N.T.S. 28. See also the Governance of Climate Change (David Held, Angus Fane-Hervey & Marika Theros eds., 2011).

76 See generally Sundhya Pahuja, Decolonising International Law: Development, Economic Growth and the Politics of Universality (2011).

77 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, art. VIII and schedule I, §10(d-e), Dec. 2, 1946, 161 U.N.T.S. 72. See also Alexander Gillespie, Whaling Diplomacy: Defining Issues in International Environmental Law (2005).

78 See generally Pellet, supra note 13.