² The European Parliament has passed an emergency resolution calling on the 39 drug companies suing the South African government to drop their lawsuit. The international medical aid organization Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) has launched a petition campaign to convince the companies to drop the case and urged “the Bush administration, and the leaders of other nations, including Canada, to issue immediately a similar statement supporting the South African government’s right to use legal means to improve access to essential medicines.” Doctors Without Borders, MSF Welcomes Unprecedented Call For Access to Medicines; Urges the US and Other Governments to Follow Suit (Mar. 19, 2001), at <http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/pr/2001/03-19-2001.html>.

³ Tomaševski, Katarina, Health, in United Nations Legal Order 859 (Schachter, Oscar & Joyner, Christopher C. eds., 1995)Google Scholar.

⁴ Leary, Virginia, The Right to Health in International Law, 1 Health & Hum. Rts. 24 (1994)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵ Brigit C.A. Toebes, The Right to Health As a Human Right in International Law (1999).

⁶ David P. Fidler, International Law and Infectious Diseases (1999).

⁷ David P. Fidler, International Law and Public Health: Materials on and Analysis of Global Health Jurisprudence (2000).

⁸ Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health: General Comment 14, UN Doc. E/CN.12/2000/4 (2000).

⁹ United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, 29th Session (1997). At its thirtieth session, on Nov. 16, 1999, UNESCO’s General Conference endorsed the Guidelines for the Implementation of the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, available at <http://www.unesco.org/ibc/en/genome/implementation.htm>

¹⁰ Council of Europe, Draft Additional Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity with Regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine on the Prohibition of Cloning Human Beings, Appendix, item 10.2 (1997).

¹¹ World Health Organization, Violence: A Public Health Priority (working doc. EHA/SPI/POA, Dec. 2, 1996).

¹² The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women defines violence against women as “ [a] ny act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life. Note: It encompasses, but is not limited to, physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including battering; sexual abuse of female children in the household; dowry-related violence; marital rape; female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women; nonspousal violence and violence related to exploitation; physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring within the general community, including rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment and intimidation at work, in educational institutions and elsewhere; trafficking in women and forced prostitution; and physical, sexual and psychological violence perpetrated or condoned by the state, wherever it occurs.” Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, GARes. 48/104, UN GAOR, 48th Sess., Agenda Item 111, UN Doc, A/RES/48/104 (1994).

¹³ Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1994/45 at 140, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Res/1994/4SC (1994).

¹⁴ See Prevalence of Physical Violence Against Women, available at <http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/vaw/prevalence.htm>.

¹⁵ BBC News: Smoking “Biggest Killerin Developing World” (BBC television broadcast, Mar. 26, 2001), available at <http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/health/newsid_1238000/1238854.stm>.