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The Gender of International Institutions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2017

Hilary Charlesworth
Hilary Charlesworth*
Affiliation:
University of Adelaide Law School, Australia
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Abstract

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Type
Theoretical Perspectives on International Institutions
Information
Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting , Volume 89 , 1995 , pp. 79 - 85
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1995

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References

1 Grosz, E., Volatile Bodies 103 (1994)Google Scholar.

2 Spike Peterson, V. & Sisson Runyan, Anne, Global Gender Issues 1-3 (1993)Google Scholar.

3 Id., at 7.

4 Id., at 7-8.

5 Inter-Parliamentary Union, Women in Parliament (30 June 1993).

6 Andelica Ducci, Maria, Women in Authority: The Ideal and the Reality , World Of Work No. 2,4 (February 1993)Google Scholar.

7 See UN Joint Inspection Unit, Advancement of the Status of Women in the United Nations Secretariat in an Era of “Human Resources Management” and “Accountability”: A New Beginning? UN Doc. A/49/176 (17 June 1994) Table 4. This paper deals with representation of women within the United Nations in policy and decision-making roles and therefore focuses on the Professional category. Although women are well represented within the General Service category, they suffer from a range of direct and indirect discriminations.

8 Phillips, Anne, “Democracy and Representation, or Why Should it Matter Who our Representatives Are?” (unpublished paper) 3 (1994)Google Scholar.

9 Teson, Fernando, Feminism and International Law: A Reply , 33 VA. J. Int’l L. 647, 651–4 (1993)Google Scholar.

10 Id.

11 See Lacey, Nicola, Legislation Against Sex Discrimination: Questions from a Feminist Perspective , 14 J.L. & Soc’y 411, 415 (1987)Google Scholar.

12 Knop, Karen, Re/Statements: Feminism and State Sovereignty in International Law , 3 Transnat’l L. & Contemp. Probs. 293, 304 (1993)Google Scholar.

13 United Nations, Women In Decision Making 107 (1992).

14 Id., at 108.

15 Randall, Vicki, Women And Politics: An International Perspective 155–156 (2nd ed., 1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

16 Women In Decision Making, supra note 13.

17 Gilligan, Carol, In A Different Voice: Psychological Theory And Women’s Development (1982)Google Scholar.

18 Smart, Carol, Feminism And The Power Of Law 75 (1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

19 Thom, Betsy, Women in International Organizations: Room at the Top , in Access To Power: Crossnational Studies Of Women And Elites 169 (Cynthia F. Epstein & R.L. Coser eds.) (1981)Google Scholar.

20 The notion derives from the work of Denise Reaume on institutional structures for ethnic and cultural groups. Karen Knop, supra note 12 at 306.

21 Karen Knop, supra note 12, 306-307 (1993).

22 International Human Rights Law Group, Token Gestures: Women’s Human Rights And Un Reporting 1. The UN Special Rapporteur On Torture 5-6 (1993).

23 Enloe, Cynthia, The Morning After: Sexual Politics At The End Of The Cold War 259 (1993)Google Scholar.

24 Orford, Anne, “The Need for a Feminist Analysis of the United Nations Security Council” (paper given at the Second Annual Meeting of the Australian and New Zealand Society of International Law, Canberra, May 28, 1994)Google Scholar.

25 E.g., a report prepared by Defence for the Child International, a Danish non-government organization, documented the explosion of child and female prostitution in Cambodia as a result of the presence of over 20,000 UN peacekeeping troops. Between December 1991 and May 1993, when the UNTAC operation was in full swing, the number of prostitutes in Phnom Penh went from 6,000 to 20,000 and the rate of HIV infection rose dramatically. UN Blamed for Sex Boom, GUARDIAN WEEKLY (Manchester) Nov. 14, 1993 at 4.

26 See Peterson & Runyan, supra note 2, at 150.

27 E.g., UN Development Programme, Human Development Report 1994.

28 Peterson & Runyan. supra note 2, 150-151.

29 Grosz, E., supra note 1, at 103 Google Scholar.

30 Sylvester, C., Feminist Theory And International Relations In A Postmodern Era 211 (1994)Google Scholar.

31 Peterson & Runyan, supra note 2, at 156-7.