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Soviet Socialism as a Public Order System

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2017

John N. Hazard
John N. Hazard*
Affiliation:
Russian Institute, Columbia University
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Type
First Session
Information
Proceedings of the American Society of International Law at its annual meeting (1921-1969) , Volume 53 , 1959 , pp. 30 - 41
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1959

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References

1 See 3 E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923, p. 16 (New York, 1953).

2 See J. V. Stalin, Speech to the X All-Bussian Congress of Soviets, December 26, 1922, printed in J. V. Stalin, Marxism and the National and Colonial Question 124–125 (Moscow, 1935). Eepresentatives of Bokhara and Khiva expressed at the first Congress of Soviets of the TJ.S.S.B. their hope that their peoples might in the speedy future enter the new Union. See SSSE. I S'ezd Sovetov (Stenograficheskii Otchet) 13 (Moscow, 1923).

3 Speech of Comintern representative Smidovich, ibid. 13.

4 J. V. Stalin, Political Report of the Central Committee to the XVI Communist Party Congress, June 27, 1930, printed in 2 J. V. Stalin, Leninism 342 (Moscow, 1933).

5 F. I. Kozhevnikov, Sovetskoe Gosudarstvo i Mezhdunarodnoe Pravo 1917–1947 (Opyt Istoriko-Pravovogo Issledovaniia) (Moscow, 1948). The position of Kozhevnikov is to be distinguished from the early position of E. A. Korovin, who declared in 1924 that a new type of international law for the transitional period from capitalism to Communism was developing. See E. A. Korovin, Mezhdunarodnoe Pravo Perekhodnogo Vremeni (Moscow-Petrograd, 1924).

6 Mezhdunarodnoe Pravo 145 (Moscow, 1951).

7 Ibid. 146.

8 V. I. Lisovskii, Mezhdunarodnoe Pravo 59 (Kiev, 1955).

9 [1955] Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSE, No. 9 (827), item 225; English translation in 49 A.J.I.L. Supp. 194 (1955).

10 G. I. Tunkin, “ O Nekotorykh Voprosakh Mezhdunarodnogo Dogovora v Sviazi s Varshavskim Dogovorom,” Sov. Gos. i Pravo, No. 1 (1956), p. 98.

11 G. I. Tunkin, “Mirnoe Sosushchestvovanie i Mezhdunarodnoe Pravo,” ibid., No. 7 (1956), p. 5.

12 Ibid., p. 10.

13 Mezhdunarodnoe Pravo 18 (Moscow, 1957).

14 G. I. Tunkin, “Novyi Tip Mezhdunarodnykh Otnoshenii i Mezhdunarodnoe Pravo,” Sov. Gos. i Pravo, No. 1 (1959), p. 81.

15 For English translation of text, see 9 Current Digest of the Soviet Press 2 (Jan. 1, 1958).

16 For texts of the peace treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary, and Eumania, see 42 A.J.I.L. Supp. 179, 225, 252 (1948); 13 Sbornik Deistvuiushchikh Dogovorov, Soglashenii i Konventsii, Zakliuchennykh S.S.S.E. s Inostrannymi Gosudarstvami 26–234 (Moscow, 1956).

17 Treaty of Feb. 20, 1947, ibid. 336.

18 Treaty of July 15, 1947, ibid. 324.

19 Treaty of Dec. 11, 1947, ibid. 352.

20 Treaty of Feb. 4, 1948, ibid. 20.

21 Treaty of Feb. 18, 1948, ibid. 7.

22 Treaty of March 18, 1948, ibid. 15.

23 Treaty of April 6, 1948, ibid. 22.

24 Treaty of Dec. 17, 1956, [1957] Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta SSE, No. 7 (874), item 192 (translation in 52 A.J.I.L. 221 (1958)). A treaty on the same subject was signed with Bumania on April 15, 1957, ibid., No. 15 (582), item 381; and with Bulgaria, May 27, 1957, ibid., No. 17 (884), item 447.

25 Treaty of May 10, 1957, [1957] ibid., No. 21 (888), item 529.

26 Treaty of Sept. 20, 1955, [1955] ibid. No. 23 (844), item 446.

27 Treaty of Nov. 30, 1956. For decree on ratification, see [1957] ibid., No. 5 (872), item 98.

28 Myres S. McDougal and Harold D. Lasswell, “The Identification and Appraisal of Diverse Systems of Public Order,” 53 A.J.I.L. 1 (1959).

29 14 Sbornik Deistvuiushehikh Dogovorov, Soglashenii i Konventsii, Zakliuchennykh SSSR s Inostrannymi Gosudarstvami 112 (Moscow, 1957).

30 Ibid. 112, footnote 1. For subsequent demarcation of the boundary across the former East Prussia, see treaty of March 5, 1957, [1957] ibid., No. 14 (881), item 345.

31 Treaty of Dec. 29, 1949, ibid. 82.

32 Treaty of Dee. 9, 1948, ibid. 198.

33 Treaty of Dec. 30, 1954, 16 ibid. 396 (Moscow, 1957).

34 Treaty of June 29, 1954, ibid. 398.

35 Constitution of the B.S.F.S.R. (1918), Art. 64, Note 2. One of the British “West Indian subjects who served as an elected member of t h e Moscow Soviet has written a book in praise of Soviet policies. See George Padmore, How Russia Transformed Her Colonial Empire (London, 1946).

36 Constitution of the U.S.S.R. (1936), Art. 135.

37 Convention of Aug. 24, 1957, [1958] Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta SSR, No. 1 (896), item 2.

38 Convention of Dec. 16, 1957, [1958] ibid., No. 4 (899), item 84.

39 As an example, duplicated in general with Korea, Mongolia, Albania, Bulgaria, Poland, Rumania, Czechoslovakia, see that with Hungary, dated Aug. 24, 1957, [1958] ibid., No. 1 (896), item 1. The others are to he found in ibid., No. 3, item 60; No. 35, item 425; No. 9, item 204; No. 7, item 140; No. 9, item 208; No. 5, item 102; No. 17, item 288. For the Convention with the German Democratic Eepublic, see footnote 25 above.

40 As an example, duplicated in general with the German Democratic Republic, Korea, Mongolia, Bulgaria, Poland, Rumania, Czechoslovakia, and Albania, see that with Hungary, dated July 15, 1958, [1958] ibid., No. 35 (930), item 423. The others are to be found in ibid., No. 14, item 640; No. 5, item 93; No. 35, item 424; No. 9, item 528; No. 14, item 640; No. 21, item 329; No. 11, item 589, and [1959] ibid., No. 10, item 72.

41 Treaty of Dec. 17, 1957, [1958] ibid., No. 9 (904), item 206.

42 Treaty of Dec. 6, 1957, ibid., No. 10 (905), item 216.

43 G. I. Tunkin, op. cit. note 14 above, at 81.

44 John N. Hazard, “Cleansing Soviet International Law of Anti-Marxist Theories,” 32 A.J.I.L. 244 (1938).

45 M. Airepetian and P. Kabanov, Leninskie Printsipy Vneshnei Politiki Sovetskogo Gosudarstva 65 (Moscow, 1957).

46 V . I. Lenin, “The Childish Disease of ‘Leftness’ under Communism,” (1920) Sochineniia 72 (Moscow, 4th ed., 1950).