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Military Occupation and the Development of International Law

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2017

Charles Fairman
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Type
Fifth Session
Information
Proceedings of the American Society of International Law at its annual meeting (1921-1969) , Volume 41 , 1947 , pp. 131 - 141
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1947

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References

1 Allied Military Government of Occupied Territory, Sicily Gazette, No. 1, July 1943.

2 Allied Military Government of Occupied Territory, Italy Gazette, No. 1, 1943.

3 A Manual for Courts-Martial, U. S. Army, 1928, War Department Document No. 14a, par. 2 ; War Department Field Manual St-5, Navy Department Op. Nav SOE-S, par. 39; Fairman, The Law of Martial Rule, 2d ed., 1943, see. 50.

4 i Since the Boer War, “ military court” has been the name used to describe an extraordinary military tribunal in connection with the exercise of “ martial law” or military government or with the trial of war crimes.

5 Allied Military Government (Sicily) Proclamations No. 8 4 –4 and Rules of Procedure for Allied Military Courts with Outline of Court Procedure, July 1943; Allied Control Commission, Consolidated Instructions for Allied Military Courts with Specimen Forms and Rules of Procedure, 1 May’n 44; Military Government Gazette, Germany, Twelfth Army Group Area of Control, No. S.

6 Gorman, B. N. “ Military Courts and Military Government in Occupied Areas,” 17 Ohio State Bar Assn. Beport 479-86, Dec. 18, 1944. Google Scholar

7 327 U. S. 1 (1946).

8 Cf. Ex parte Kathleen B. Nash Durant, 67 S.Ct. 39 (1946).

9 The subject is treated authoritatively by Frank A. Southard, Jr., in The Finances of European Liberation, New York, 1946. Commander Southard, as he then was, served as Financial Advisor, Q5 (Military Government) Seetion, Allied Force Headquarters.

10 This obligation is repeated in the Italian Treaty of Peace, Art.

11 Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XIII, No. 328 (Oct. 7, 1945), p. 515; American Journal of International Law, Vol. 40 (1946), Supplement, p. 21. Art. 20.

12 Tripolitania, Occupazione Britannica, Legislazione MUitare, Proclami 1–11, at p. 27. Proclama No. 5, Proprieta Nemica.

13 Allied Military Government of Occupied Territory, Proclamation No. 6, for Sicily and for Italy.

14 55 ☀ 56 Victoria, e. 23, sec. 22.

15 Office of Military Government for Germany (US), Title S3, Military Government Legislation, 23-121.16.

16 War Department FM 27-10 (1940), par. 283.

17 Hague Convention IV of 1907, art. 43.

18 Cours de droit international, traduction frangaise, Paris, 1929. Premiere partie, chapitre premier.

19 Office of Military Government for Germany (US), Title S3, Military Government Legislation, 23-121.16.

20 Declaration regarding the defeat of Germany. . . . Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XII, No. 311 (June 10, 1945), p. 1051.

21 Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XI, No. 273 (September 17, 1944), p. 289; American Journal of International Law, Vol. 39 (1945), Supplement, p. 88. Art. 18.

22 Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XI, No. 279 (October 29, 1944), p. 492; American Journal of International Law, Vol. 39 (1945), Supplement, p. 93. Art. 18.

23 Beport of Tripartite Conference of Berlin, July 17-August 2, 1945, “ The Political and Economic Principles to Govern the Treatment of Germany in the Initial Control Period.” Department of State Badio Bulletin No. 184; American Journal of International Law, Vol. 39 (1945), Supplement, p. 245.

24 Art. 6 of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal, annexed to the Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis, August 8, 1945. Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XIII, No. 320 (August 12, 1945), p. 222; American, Journal of International Law, Vol. 39 (1945), Supplement p. 257.

25 25 haw Reports of Trials of War Criminals, Selected and Prepared by the United Nations War Crimes Commission, English edition, Vol. 1, London, 1947, pp. 46-54.

26 327 TT. S. 1 (1946). See Fairman, “ The Supreme Court on Military Jurisdiction: Martial Kule in Hawaii and the Yamashita Case,” 59 Harvard Law Review, 833-882, at 866 ff. (1946).

27 See Press Eelease of May 3, 1945, Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XII, No. 306 (May 6, 1945), p. 864.

28 Wilson , , The Hague Arbitration Cases, Boston and London, 1915, p. 82. Google Scholar

29 Same, p. 230.

30 See Root, , The Military and Colonial Policy of the United States, Bacon and Scott, eds., Cambridge, Mass., 1916, pp. 161-327 Google Scholar. See Jessup, Philip C... , Elihu Root. 2 vols., New York, 1938, Vol. I, Chs. 17, 18.Google Scholar