Introduction
As the population is ageing, there has been an increasing focus on a better quality of life (QoL), and the concept of active ageing has started to generate interest amongst researchers, academicians and policy-makers. The Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (2002) highlighted the role of technology use by older adults and indicated that having access to the internet and being able to use it could potentially help to decrease the feelings of loneliness, insignificance and the intergenerational disparity (MIPAA, United Nations, New York, 2002). The older adults globally have been resistant to adopt technology compared to the younger generations, but this trend is changing slowly. A growing number of older adults are overcoming the barriers to learn, use and keep updated with the information and communication technologies like internet, and this has only been facilitated with the availability of personal computers, cell phones, laptops, tablets and other devices. A growing number of older adults are overcoming the barriers to learn, use and keep updated with information and communication technologies like the internet, and this has been facilitated by the availability of personal computers, cell phones, laptops, tablets and other devices.
WHO defines QoL as ‘the “individuals” perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns’ (WHOQoL, 1998). The determinants of QoL for the older adults commonly include individual factors such as health, physical activity, socio-economic stability and personal control, and network factors such as social life, relationship with family, a care network and support system (Walker and Mollenkopf, Reference Walker and Mollenkopf2007). The role of technologies including the internet in influencing QoL of the older adults has generally been a less explored theme globally and specifically in developing countries. With the increasing use of technology in everyday life, understanding the role of the internet on the QoL of the older population is important.
This literature review intends to explore the impact of the use of the internet on the quality of health of older adults and discusses the published evidence in relation to the impact of internet use on the older adults specifically in terms of QoL and tries to point out the gaps in current literature.
Search methodology
The currently published literature on the use of the internet by the older adults explores many broad areas including health, social, educational and psychological science. The studies included in this literature review were searched in three databases: WEB of Science, GoogleScholar and PubMed. English language articles were searched using the terms ‘older’, ‘elderly’, ‘senior’, ‘well-being’, ‘life satisfaction’, ‘quality of life’, ‘internet’ and ‘computer’ (Figure 1). Age ranges were not specified because of the wide variation of age ranges across studies. The date range was limited to a time period from 1 January 2000 to 30 December 2018. In total, 45 full-text articles were accessed, which examined the impact of internet use on the QoL of older adults. The studies that investigated the health impact or use of assisted technologies in the healthcare domain did not focus on well-being/life satisfaction/QoL of older adults, and those studies which focused on specific groups of older adults such as immigrants those with physical disabilities were excluded from the review considering the differences associated with using the internet compared with those without physical disabilities. Eventually, 38 articles were reviewed for relevance to this particular article and 23 articles were included for discussion in the literature review (Table 1).
Figure 1. Flow diagram of the selection of studies
Table 1. Summary of studies discussed in the literature review*
* In the quantitative studies, non-validated measures were used such as researcher-selected questions or Likert scales.
Review of literature
This review looks at published literature related to use of the internet by older people and the impact on their QoL. The articles of relevance are discussed after grouping them into subsections entitled: internet use: communication and social connectedness; internet use: information and services; and internet use: impact on well-being. There is a section on critical analysis and a table summarising the reviewed studies. Finally, the literature review concludes with a critical analysis and summary of the literature review and gaps in the currently available literature.
The studies on older adults and the internet can be broadly segmented into exploring the motivations and barriers of older adults’ use of computer technology, identifying differences in computer learning and usage across age groups, and the attitudes, benefits, and perceptions of using computers and the internet by older adults. There is no consensus in the currently published literature on the impact of use of information and communication technology on older adults. Many published studies highlight the positive effect of computer use on the psychological functioning and well-being of the older adults (Shapira et al. Reference Shapira, Barak and Gal2007; Erickson and Johnson Reference Erickson and Johnson2011; Werner et al., Reference Werner, Carlson, Jordan-Marsh and Florence2011). The use of the internet by older adults has also been associated with decreased loneliness and depression, better social connectedness, self-esteem and cognitive functioning (White et al., Reference White, McConnell, Clipp, Branch, Sloane, Pieper and Box2002; Czaja and Lee, Reference Czaja and Lee2007), improved self-efficacy, self-control, self-determination, social interaction, education and skills development in older adults using the internet (Hendrix, Reference Hendrix2000) in various studies. In contrast, there are other studies which did not find a correlation between use of the internet by the older adults and well-being or life satisfaction (Brown, Reference Brown2004; Slegers et al., Reference Slegers, Van Boxtel and Jolles2008)
Per published literature, the primary activities for which the older adults use the internet include accessing e-mails (Koopman-Boyden and Reid, Reference Koopman-Boyden and Reid2009), education, seeking information (Xie and Bugg, Reference Xie and Bugg2009) and shopping (Hernandez-Encuentra et al., Reference Hernandez-Encuentra, Pousada and Gomez-Zuniga2009). Kim (Reference Kim2008) in their review summarised the reasons for older adults to use the internet to be in contact with family and friends, to make new contacts and preserve social links, gather information related to current affairs, goods, services and healthcare, do online shopping, banking and leisure activities (Kim, Reference Kim2008). The attitude and perception of older adults towards the use of the internet have been shown to be influenced by their education and socio-economic status (Koopman-Boyden and Reid, Reference Koopman-Boyden and Reid2009). The benefits of using information technology by older adults include personal and social development and maintaining social relationships (Koopman-Boyden and Reid, Reference Koopman-Boyden and Reid2009). This has given birth to the term ‘silver surfers’, defining the older adults using information and communication technology to narrow the intergenerational gap. Despite this, perceived barriers to the use of the information and communication technology amongst older adults exist. This could be due to various factors including the difficulties in learning new skills, high costs and lack of confidence in the use of technology (Goodall et al., Reference Goodall, Ward and Newman2010).
Internet use: communication and social connectedness
Two major themes emerged from the studies reviewed. The first was the impact of internet use by older adults is on communication with family and friends. The second was social connectedness including maintaining and building social support networks. Communication and social connectedness using the internet potentially impacts the QoL of older adults. White et al. (Reference White, McConnell, Clipp, Branch, Sloane, Pieper and Box2002) looked at the psychological and social impact of the use of the internet on older adults (n = 100). Participants were randomised to two groups, the intervention group which received training on how to use the internet for 5 months and the control group. The intervention group had lower tendency of loneliness and depression, better communication and improved social interactions and a positive attitude towards the use of the internet in comparison to the group which did not receive training on using the internet. The findings were corroborated by the qualitative interview phase of the study (White et al., Reference White, McConnell, Clipp, Branch, Sloane, Pieper and Box2002). The study focused on impact of internet training in older adults and not on the use of internet in older adults, and this is important when looking at the results of the study.
Increasingly today there is a growing population of younger generations moving away from home for work or education and the numbers of nuclear families is increasing. Being able to communicate with family and friends living away is one of the benefits of using the internet for older adults. In another study, it has been found that the use of the internet promotes the interactions of the older adults with family and friends and helps to expand their social network. Using the internet to communicate resulted in a positive impact on the loneliness and well-being of older adults. The authors found that in their study older adults using the internet had lower levels of loneliness, specifically social loneliness and better well-being. (Sum et al., Reference Sum, Mathews, Hughes and Campbell2008). The authors found that in their study, older adults using the internet had lower levels of loneliness (particularly social loneliness) and better well well-being. (Sum et al., Reference Sum, Mathews, Hughes and Campbell2008).
Internet use: information and services
Using the internet empowers older adults to be able to access information related to news and current affairs, health-related updates, travel and leisure. Karavidas et al. (Reference Karavidas, Lim and Katsikas2005) found a positive impact on 222 older adults using the internet on life satisfaction due to various factors including feeling independent, being able to maintain their social networks and having access to information including health-related information. Using the internet for online shopping, banking, playing games and learning helped the older adults to manage even if they have impaired physical abilities (Shapira et al., Reference Shapira, Barak and Gal2007). Participation in leisure activities and social networks using the internet can potentially increase the well-being of older adults (Nimrod, Reference Nimrod2009). Similar findings were also seen in another study, in which the use of internet by older adults was a leisure activity possibly leading to a sense of well-being (Heo et al., Reference Heo, Kim and Won2011).
Internet use: impact on well-being
Well-being can be defined as the presence of positive emotions and moods including contentment and happiness, the absence of negative emotions (such as depression and anxiety), satisfaction with life, fulfilment and positive functioning (Ryff and Keyes, Reference Ryff and Keyes1995). Wright (Reference Wright2000) found that in 136 older adults’ participation in online support groups had a positive impact on their psychological well-being, stronger social relations and better support networks in the older adults. It has been shown that use of technology is directly linked to a feeling of independence in older adults leading to a perception of better QoL (Mynatt and Rogers, Reference Mynatt and Rogers2002). Similar findings were seen in another study, where older adults using the internet were found to have higher psychological well-being levels than those not using the internet (Chen and Persson, Reference Chen and Persson2002). The authors did note that the baseline scores in this study were high to begin with (Chen and Persson, Reference Chen and Persson2002). Fifty older adults who had received computer and internet training were interviewed about their attitudes and experiences towards the use of internet as a part of the Care OnLine project. Most of these older adults (82%) reported that the use of the internet had a positive impact on their QoL. Using the internet decreased isolation and improved interactions socially in this study (Osman et al., Reference Osman, Poulson and Nicolle2005). Thirty-three older adults interviewed in a study in China reported that using the internet was helpful in making their lives after retirement more meaningful and improving their self-evaluation. It was concluded by the author that using the internet resulted in a sense of well-being in these older adults (Xie, Reference Xie2007). Koopman-Boyden and Reid (Reference Koopman-Boyden and Reid2009) also reported a positive correlation between the use of internet by older adults and their well-being. An analysis of a subset of the European Social Survey (ESS1) showed that older adults (n = 11,000) using the internet regularly had decreased social isolation and better life satisfaction. The older adults in the study reported that communicating using the internet helped and was complementary to face-to-face interactions (Lelkes, Reference Lelkes2012). Chaumon et al. (Reference Chaumon, Michel, Bernard and Croisile2014) found that in 17 older adults living in long-term care with a history of functional loss, the use of computers improved the QoL in general and additionally had a positive impact on their self-sufficiency, self-efficiency and psychological empowerment. In quantitative surveys (n = 1780) in older adults (60 years and older), it was seen that information and communication technology use contributes to their well-being (Ihm and Hsieh, Reference Ihm and Hsieh2015).
Some studies have found conflicting results, for example, in their study, Firth and Mellor (Reference Firth and Mellor2009) did not find a significant difference in the older adults who were using internet for the last 12 months in terms of quantitative scores compared with older adults who were not using the internet. Conversely, when interviewed the older adults using the internet reported a better social connectedness and had a better understanding of using the internet for new learning opportunities. Similarly, in another study, at the end of 12-month training on internet use, 20 older adults when interviewed reported positive experiences and attitudes associated with the use of the internet even though the reported well-being scores in the study did not show improvements (Mellor et al., Reference Mellor, Firth and Moore2008). That said, there are studies which did not show either a positive impact or any correlation between the use of internet by older adults and life satisfaction, QoL or well-being. On analysis of the data from National Health and Aging Trends Study (n = 6443), the authors did not find any correlation of information and communication technology use with well-being of older adults using the internet (Elliot et al., Reference Elliot, Mooney, Douthit and Lynch2013). Similarly, in another study, life satisfaction was similar between older adults who were a part of an online training and those who were not (Dorin, Reference Dorin2007).
Critical analysis summary of the studies
The studies looking at use of the internet in the older adults are seeing an increase in the last decade. More research is focused on the acceptance of internet technology, the barriers to use of internet technology and the uses of internet technology. Little research focuses on impact on QoL. As it is summarised in Table 1, only one of the studies used a validated QoL scale, the WHOQoL, and one used the SF-36 while none of the studies used the CASP-19. In the studies reviewed, there was a mix of studies looking at older adults who had never used the internet before and were given training during the course of the study, while other looked at older adults using the internet for some time. This could be one of the reasons for discordance between the results on impact of internet use on factors associated with well-being, life satisfaction and other parameters. Many of the studies did not use validated software like the SPSS for quantitative analysis or NVivo for qualitative analysis. Very few studies use a mixed methods approach, and the sample size for most studies was small. Research from developing countries is still lacking. All the studies reviewed here related to impact of internet use on older adults were done in developed countries except for one in China. The findings of this review point towards important policy and practice approaches including exploring investing in Information and communications technologies (ICT) training in pre-retirement courses in public and private sector organisations and subsidies for ICT purchase or one-to-one guidance on ICT use.
Conclusion
On review of the published studies, there is an indication that the use of internet by older adults helps to improve life satisfaction and well-being. The majority of the studies substantiate the advantages of internet use by older adults including the ability to communicate with family and friends, maintain a wide social network, have access to information and participate in online leisure activities. There are some studies, though less in number, which did not find a relationship between well-being and use of internet by older adults. This could possibly be attributed to a ‘ceiling effect’ as the scores of the participants in some of these studies were already high at baseline, so the scope of improvement was attenuated (Chen and Persson, Reference Chen and Persson2002; White et al., Reference White, McConnell, Clipp, Branch, Sloane, Pieper and Box2002) or possibly due to the bias in these studies of not separating the use of the internet from internet training (Slegers et al., Reference Slegers, Van Boxtel and Jolles2008). It was also seen that studies with a qualitative methodology were more likely to elicit a positive impact of the use of internet than quantitative studies.
The gap areas identified from the literature review include the paucity of research in this area from developing countries, few studies with a mixed methods research methodology, the sample size in the studies which is usually small, studies limited to older adults in 60 years and above and only a limited number of studies used a validated QoL score to study the impact of internet use by older adults on QoL.
Financial support
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, and commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Conflict(s) of interest
None.
Ethical standards
The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional guidelines on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects/patients.
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