Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T04:38:35.905Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Forgotten Responders: The Ongoing Impact of 9/11 on the Ground Zero Recovery Workers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 August 2018

Erin C. Smith*
Affiliation:
Edith Cowan University, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Joondalup, Western Australia James Cook University, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, Cairns, Australia
Frederick M. Burkle Jr.
Affiliation:
Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Harvard Universityand Harvard T.C. Chan School of Public Health, Cambridge, MassachusettsUSA
*
Correspondence: Erin C. Smith, PhD, MPH, MClinEpi Edith Cowan University School of Medical and Health Sciences Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

In the years following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks (9/11; New York USA), emergency first responders began experiencing a range of physical health and psychosocial impacts. Publications documenting these tended to focus on firefighters, while emerging reports are starting to focus on other first responders, including paramedics, emergency medical technicians (EMTs), and police. The objective of this research was to explore the long-term impact on another important group of 9/11 responders, the non-emergency recovery workers who responded to the World Trade Center (WTC) site of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. In the 16 years following 9/11, Ground Zero recovery workers have been plagued by a range of long-term physical impacts, including musculoskeletal injuries, repetitive motion injuries, gait deterioration, and respiratory disorders. Psychosocial issues include posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, insomnia, support system fatigue, and addictive and risk-taking behaviors. These findings go some way to filling the current gap in the understanding on the long-term impact of 9/11 and to provide an important testimony of the “forgotten responders” – the Ground Zero recovery workers.

SmithECBurkleFMJr. The Forgotten Responders: The Ongoing Impact of 9/11 on the Ground Zero Recovery Workers. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(4):436–440

Type
Special Report
Copyright
© World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Conflicts of interest/funding: Funding for this research was provided by Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

References

1. Flood, J. First responses. A race to the scene, and then—chaos. http://nymag.com/news/9-11/10th-anniversary/first-responses/. Published August 27, 2011. Accessed August 21, 2017.Google Scholar
2. Cabe, I, Feal, J. Five things I saw as a 9/11 first responder. http://www.cracked.com/personal-experiences-1418-5-things-i-saw-as-911-first-responder.html. Published September 11, 2014. Accessed July 12, 2017.Google Scholar
3. Davis, LE. First responder fights back after losing foot to 9/11 accident. https://www.yahoo.com/news/first-responder-fights-back-afterlosing-foot-to-9-11-accident.html. Published August 17, 2011. Accessed July 19, 2017.Google Scholar
4. Lynch, L. Health and hardship: stories from 9/11’s unsung heroes. http://nycosh.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/09/NYCOSH_9_11_Responder_Report_HealthAndHardsh ip.pdf. Published September 2015. Accessed July 25, 2017.Google Scholar
5. McGrath Goodman, L. 9/11’s second wave: cancer and other diseases linked to the 2001 attacks are surging. http://www.newsweek.com/2016/09/16/9-11-death-toll-rising-496214.html. Published July 9, 2016. Accessed August 9, 2017.Google Scholar
6. Solan, S, Wallenstein, S, Shapiro, M, et al. Cancer incidence in World Trade Center rescue and recovery workers, 2001 – 2008. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121(6):699-705.Google Scholar
7. Fire Department, City of New York: Bureau of Health Services WTC Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program. World Trade Center Health Impacts on FDNY Rescue Workers. http://home2.nyc.gov/html/fdny/html/publications/wtc_assessments/2007/w tc_2007.shtml. Accessed February 19, 2016.Google Scholar
8. Nash J. Cleaning up after 9/11: respirators, power, and politics. http://www.ehstoday.com/ppe/respirators/ehs_imp_35479. Published May 28, 2002. Accessed August 1, 2017.Google Scholar
9. Crane, MA, Levy-Carrick, MC, Crowley, L, et al. The response to September: a disaster case study. Ann Glob Health. 2014;80(4):320-331.Google Scholar
10. Berkowitz, GS, Wolff, MS, Janevic, TM, et al. The World Trade Center disaster and intrauterine growth restriction. JAMA. 2003;290(5):595-596.Google Scholar
11. Lederman, SA, Rauh, V, Weiss, L, et al. The effects of the World Trade Center event on birth outcomes among term deliveries at three lower Manhattan hospitals. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112(17):1772-1778.Google Scholar
12. Fairbrother, G, Stuber, J, Galea, S, et al. Posttraumatic stress reactions in New York City children after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Ambul Pediatr. 2003;3(6):304-311.Google Scholar
13. Boscarino, JA, Galea, S, Ahern, J, et al. Psychotic medication use among Manhattan residents following the World Trade Center disaster. J Traum Stress. 2003;16(3):301-306.Google Scholar
14. Galea, S, Vlahov, D, Resnick, H, et al. Trends of probable post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Amer J Epidemiol. 2003;158(6):514-524.Google Scholar
15. Brackbill, RM, Thorpe, L, DiGrande, L, et al. Surveillance for World Trade Center disaster health effects among survivors of collapsed and damaged buildings. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2006;55(2):1-18.Google Scholar
16. Luft, BJ, Schecter, C, Kotov, R, et al. Exposure, probable PTSD, and lower respiratory illness among World Trade Center rescue, recovery, and clean-up workers. Psychol Med. 2012;42(5):1069-1079.Google Scholar
17. Friedman, SM, Farfel, MR, Maslow, CB, et al. Comorbid persistent lower respiratory symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder 5-6 years post-9/11 in responders enrolled in the World Trade Center Health Registry. Am J Ind Med. 2013;56(11):1251-1261.Google Scholar