Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T21:15:10.388Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Epidemiological Study of Child Casualties of Landmines and Unexploded Ordnances: A National Study from Iran

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 September 2015

Batool Mousavi ,
Mohammad Reza Soroush ,
Mehdi Masoumi ,
Shahriar Khateri ,
Ehsan Modirian ,
Hamid Shokoohi ,
Mohammad Javad Fatemi ,
Mohammad Ali Hematti ,
Mansour Soroush  and
Mohammad Ghassemi-Broumand
...Show all authors
Batool Mousavi
Affiliation:
Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran
Mohammad Reza Soroush
Affiliation:
Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran
Mehdi Masoumi
Affiliation:
Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran
Shahriar Khateri
Affiliation:
Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran
Ehsan Modirian
Affiliation:
Department of Emergency Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
Hamid Shokoohi*
Affiliation:
Department of Emergency Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA
Mohammad Javad Fatemi
Affiliation:
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Research Center, Hazrat Fatima Hospital, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
Mohammad Ali Hematti
Affiliation:
Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran
Mansour Soroush
Affiliation:
Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran
Mohammad Ghassemi-Broumand
Affiliation:
Department of Optometry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
Mehdi Rassafiani
Affiliation:
Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Mostafa Allami
Affiliation:
Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran
Farshad Nouri
Affiliation:
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran
Amir Yavari
Affiliation:
Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran
Zohreh Ganjparvar
Affiliation:
Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran
Mojtaba Kamyab
Affiliation:
Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Seyed Abbas Mirsadeghi
Affiliation:
Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran
*
Correspondence: Hamid Shokoohi, MD, MPH, FACEP Department of Emergency Medicine George Washington University Medical Center 2120 L Street, NW, Suite 450 Washington, DC 20037 USA E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Despite landmine-risk education programs and extensive demining activities on the Western border of Iran, landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXOs) still cause civilian and child casualties three decades after the Iraq-Iran war (1980-1988). The objective of this study was to understand the epidemiological patterns and risk factors of injury in child casualties of landmines and UXOs in Western and Southwestern Iran.

Methods

Children who were 18 years old or younger at the time of study and who sustained injuries from landmines and UXOs were identified through a search at the Iranian National Veterans Registry. These children participated in a 5-day gathering. The information on socioeconomic status, health-related issues, quality of life, health care utilization, and clinical profiles concerning the landmine and UXO injuries were collected. The method of data collection consisted of three component surveys: health interview, social survey, and medical examinations. Social surveys and health interviews were conducted in a face-to-face method by utilizing a questionnaire consisting of 39 questions addressing household and individual components, including information on time and type of injuries, physical activity, mental health, and quality of life. A comprehensive team of physicians in different subspecialties evaluated and examined children to assess the current medical and psychiatric conditions and physical activity, and recommended and arranged further medical, rehabilitation, or surgical planning.

Results

Seventy-eight child casualties were identified and participated in the study. The mean age of the participants at the time of study was 16.11 years old (SD=2 years). The mean age of victims at the time of injury was 8.2 years (SD=3.12 years; ranged from 2 to 15 years old). Sixty-seven (85.9%) of the children were male. Provinces of Kurdistan and Kermanshah had the highest number of casualties, with a total number of 54 children (68.3%). Eighty percent of the injuries were caused by landmines, and UXO explosions were reported in 20% of the cases. Overall, 24 children (30%) had received some landmine-risk education before or after the events. Sixty percent of the explosions had happened in the morning between 9:00 am and 12:00 pm. Playing and grazing livestock were the most prevalent activities/reasons at the time of injury, which were reported in 77% of the subjects. Sixty-three percent of incidents had multiple casualties and in only 13 explosions were the children the only victims of the explosion. The most prevalent injuries were amputations in 41 subjects (52.56%), followed by hearing loss in 23 subjects (29.5%). Amputations were more common in upper extremities (62%) than in lower extremities (38%).

Conclusion

Landmines and UXOs comprise a significant safety hazard to the children living in the Western border of Iran decades after the Iraq-Iran War. The large number of injuries and lack of risk training among victims suggest that landmine cleanings and landmine-risk education should be age-specifically targeted and expanded substantially.

MousaviB , SoroushMR , MasoumiM , KhateriS , ModirianE , ShokoohiH , FatemiMJ , HemattiMA , SoroushM , Ghassemi-BroumandM , RassafianiM , AllamiM , NouriF , YavariA , GanjparvarZ , KamyabM , MirsadeghiSA , Epidemiological Study of Child Casualties of Landmines and Unexploded Ordnances: A National Study from Iran. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(5):472–477.

Keywords

child casualtiesIranlandmineunexploded ordnanceUXO
Type
Original Research
Information
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine , Volume 30 , Issue 5 , October 2015 , pp. 472 - 477
Copyright
© World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Landmine & Cluster Munitions Monitor. International Campaign to Ban Landmines. Toward a mine-free world: Landmine Monitor Report 2004. Geneva, Switzerland; 47-49.Google Scholar
2. The United Nations Children’s Fund. UNICEF Fact Sheet-Child protection from violence, exploitation and abuse: landmines and explosive weapons. http://www.unicef.org/. Accessed December 22, 2014.Google Scholar
3. Soroush, AR, Falahati, F, Zargar, M, et al. Amputations due to landmine and unexploded ordnances in post-war Iran. Arch Iranian Med. 2008;11(6):595-597.Google Scholar
4. Duttine, A, Hottentot, E. Landmines and explosive remnants of war: a health threat not to be ignored. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2013;91:160-163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Soroush, AR, Falahati, F. The Human Costs of Landmines and UXOs. 1st ed. Tehran, Iran: Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center; 2007: 49.Google Scholar
6. Jang, CH, Yang, HS, Yang, HE, et al. A survey on activities of daily living and occupations of upper extremity amputees. Ann Rehabil Med. 2011;35(6):907-921.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7. Mohamadzadeh, H, Moballeghi, J, Delpisheh, A, et al. Landmine victims in Iran Kurdistan; demographic features & accident characteristics. Pak J Med Sci. 2012;28(1):139-142.Google Scholar
8. Nicolas, E, Wendy, S. Rehabilitation of landmine victims-the ultimate challenge. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2003;81(9):2-9.Google Scholar
9. Ganjparvar, Z, Mousavi, B, Soroush, M, et al. Quality of life among children survivors of land mine and explosive remnants of war. Scientific-Research Journal of Shahed University. 2011-2012;7(96).Google Scholar
10. Mousavi, B, Ganjparvar, Z, Soroush, M, et al. Life satisfaction in children survivors of landmine and unexploded ordnance. Scientific-Research Journal of Shahed University. 2013;107:(21).Google Scholar
11. Asadollahi, R, Saghafinia, M, Nafissi, N, et al. Anxiety, depression, and health-related quality of life in those injured by landmines, Ilam, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2010;16(11):1108-1114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12. Heshmati, A, Khayyat, NT. Analysis of landmine fatalities and injuries in the Kurdistan Region. J Interpers Violence. October 13, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13. Landmine & Cluster Munitions Monitor. International Campaign to Ban Landmines. Humanitarian Mine Action Landmine Monitor Fact Sheet, Banning Antipersonnel Mines: A 15-Year Overview of Major Findings 1999–2014. http://www.the-monitor.org/. Accessed December 22, 2014.Google Scholar
14. Landmine & Cluster Munitions Monitor. International Campaign to Ban Landmines. Landmine Monitor 2012: Afghanistan. http://www.the-monitor.org/. Accessed December 22, 2014.Google Scholar
15. Dokhanchi, K. The landmine situation in Iran. The challenge of accession to the Ban Mine Treaty. The Muslim World. 2004;94(4):525-535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16. Arnson, Y, Bar-Dayan, Y. Reducing landmine mortality rates in Iran using public medical education and rural rescue teams--what can be learned from landmine casualties, and how can the situation be improved? Prehosp Disaster Med. 2009;24(2):130-132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17. Saghafinia, M, Nafissi, N, Asadollahi, R. Effect of the rural rescue system on reducing the mortality rate of landmine victims: a prospective study in Ilam Province, Iran. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2009;24(2):126-129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18. Landmine & Cluster Munitions Monitor. International Campaign to Ban Landmines. The Online Version of Landmine Monitor Report, 2005: Toward a Mine Free World. http://www.icbl.org/. Accessed December 22, 2014.Google Scholar
19. Bendinelli, C. Effects of land mines and unexploded ordnance on the pediatric population and comparison with adults in Rural Cambodia. World Journal of Surgery. 2009;33(5):1070-1074.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20. Durham, J, Hill, PS, Hoy, D. The underreporting of landmine and explosive remnants of war injuries in Cambodia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic and Viet Nam. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2013;91(3):234-236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21. Kushner, A. Epidemiology of landmines. International Humanitarian Surgeons Overseas. The Society of International Humanitarian Surgeons Newsletter. 2009;3:(1).Google Scholar
22. Fraser, M. Landmines: an ongoing environmental health problem for the children of Afghanistan. Journal of Rural and Remote Environmental Health. 2003;2(2):76-89.Google Scholar
23. Can, M, Yildirimcan, H, Ozkalipci, O, et al. Landmine associated injuries in children in Turkey. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 2009;16(8):464-468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24. Surrency, AB, Graitcer, PL, Henderson, AK. Key factors for civilian injuries and deaths from exploding landmines and ordnance. Journal of Injury Prevention. 2007;13(3):197-201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed