Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T20:25:16.421Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake and Tsunami of 2004: The Hazards, Events, and Damage

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 June 2012

Patrice A. Kohl
Affiliation:
Editorial Staff of Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Ann P. O'Rourke
Affiliation:
Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Dana L. Schmidman
Affiliation:
Editorial Staff of Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Wendy A. Dopkin
Affiliation:
Editorial Staff of Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Marvin L. Birnbaum
Affiliation:
Editorial Staff of Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

Abstract

The Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake and subsequent Asian Tsunami of 26 December 2004 affected multiple countries in the Indian Ocean and beyond, creating disasters of a scale unprecedented in recorded history. Using the Conceptual Framework and terminology described in the Disaster Health Management: Guidelines for Evaluation and Research in the Utstein Style, the hazard, events, and damage associated with the Earthquake and Tsunami are described. Many gaps in the available information regarding this event are present. Standardized indicators and reporting criteria are necessary for research on future disasters and the development of best practice standards internationally.

Type
Special Report
Copyright
Copyright © World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Sundnes, KO, Birnbaum, ML (eds): Health Disaster Management Guidelines for Evaluation and Research in the Utstein Style. Prehosp Disast Med 2003;17:42.Google Scholar
2. United States Geological Survey (USGS): “Ring of Fire”, Plate Techtonic, Sea-floor spreading, Subduction zones, “Hot Spots” Available at http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/PlateTectonics/description_plate_tectonics.html. Accessed 05 October 2005.Google Scholar
3. USGS: Magnitude 9.0 Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake FAQ. Available at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/2004/usslav/neic_slav_faq.html. Accessed 17 August 2005.Google Scholar
4. USGS: Largest Earthquakes in the World Since 1900. Available at http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/10maps_world.html. Accessed 9 October 2005.Google Scholar
5. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): Tsunamis Frequently Asked Questions. Available at http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami-hazard/tsunami_faqs.htm. Accessed 06 October 2005.Google Scholar
6. USGS: Earthquakes, Faults, Plate Techtonics, Earth Structure. Available at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/plates.html#20. Accessed 05 October 2005.Google Scholar
7. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Frequently Asked Questions. Available at http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sto/tsunamifaq.php. Accessed 03 October 2005.Google Scholar
8. NOAA: NWS/ West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center. Available at http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sto/tsunamifaq.php. Accessed 16 August 2005.Google Scholar
9.Abe, K: J Geophys. Res. 1979;84:15611568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. USGS: Seismotectonics of the Indonesian Region. Available at http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/world/indonesia/seismotectonics.html. Accessed 24 October 2005.Google Scholar
11.Stein, S, Okal, EA: Speed and size of the Sumatra Earthquake. Nature 2005;434:581582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Bilham, R: A Flying Start, Then Slow Slip. Science 2005;308:11261127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA): Details Earthquake Effects on Earth. Available at http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2005-009. Accessed 1 September 2005.Google Scholar
14. USGS: USGS Research Sheds Light on Why the March Tsunami was Smaller than the December Tsunami. Available at http://www.usgs.gov/news-room/article.asp?ID=697. Accessed 27 October 2005.Google Scholar
15. USGS: Magnitude 9.0 off the West Coast of Northern Sumatra. Available at http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2004/eq_041226/neic_slav_ts.html. Accessed 10 October 2005.Google Scholar
16. USGS: Magnitude 9.0-Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake. Availbale at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/2004/usslav/. Accessed 1 September 2005.Google Scholar
17. Surface Distance Between Two Points of Latitude and Longitude. Available at http://www.wcrl.ars.usda.gov/cec/java/lat-long.htm. Accessed 23 September 2005.Google Scholar
18. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Environmental rapid assessment report. Available at http://www.unep.org/tsunami/reports/TSUNAMI_report_complete.pdf. Accessed 17 August 2005.Google Scholar
19. Active Fault Research Center. Tsunami field survey in Myanmar, Available at http://unit.aist.go.jp/actfault/english/topics/Myanmar/index.html. Accessed 3 November 2005Google Scholar
20.Liu, PL, Lynett, P, Fernando, H, et al. :Observations by the International Tsunami Survey Team in Sri Lanka. Science 2005;308: 1595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21. USGS. Initial Findings on Tsunami Sand Deposits, Damage, and Inundation in Sri Lanka Available at http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/srilanka05/measurements.html. Accessed 3 November 2005.Google Scholar
22. Intergovernmental Oceanic Commission/United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (IOC/UNESCO): 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami field survey in India. Available at http://ioc.unesco.org/iosurveys/India/nicobar/nicobar.htm. Accessed 3 November 2005.Google Scholar
24. IOC/UNESCO: 2004 Indian Ocean field survey in the Seychelles. Available at http://ioc.unesco.org/iosurveys/seychelles/seychelles_jackson.pdf. Accessed 3 November 2005.Google Scholar
25. IOC.UNESC: 2004 Indian Ocean field survey in Kenya. Available at http://ioc.unesco.org/iosurveys/kenya/kenya.htm Accessed 3 November 2005.Google Scholar
26. IOC/UNESCO: 2004 Indian Ocean field survey in Somalia. Available at http://ioc.unesco.org/iosurveys/somalia/somalia.htm. Accessed 3 November 2005.Google Scholar
27. Disaster Prevention Research Institute. Field survey result of Maldives. Available at http://www.drs.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/sumatra/maldives/Maldives.htm#correct. Accessed 8 November 2005.Google Scholar
28. IOC/UNESCO: The IOC/UNESCO Indian Ocean Tsunami Post Tsunami Field Survey Site. Available at http://ioc.unesco.org/iosurveys/Indonesia/yalciner/yalciner.htm. Accessed 2 October 2005.Google Scholar
29. Oxfam: The Tsunami's Impact On Women. Available at http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what_we_do/issues/conflict_disasters/downloads/bn_tsuna mi_women.pdf. Accessed 1 September 2005.Google Scholar
30. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF): Tsunami Disaster UN Relief Efforts Available at http://www.un.org/events/UNART/tsunami_disaster.pdf. Accessed 26 October 2005.Google Scholar
31. International Centre for Migration and Health: Male meeting interim report. Available at http://www.icmh.ch/WebPDF/2005%20-%20Male%20Meeting%20Interim%20Report%20PDF.pdf. Accessed 26 October 2005.Google Scholar
32. USGS: Magnitude 8.7- Northern Sumatra, Indonesia 2005 March 28 Available at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/recenteqsww/Quakes/usweax.htm. Accessed 26 October 2005.Google Scholar
33. World Health Organization (WHO): World Health Statistics 2005. Available at http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/whstatsdownloads/en/index.html. Accessed 20 September 2005.Google Scholar
34.Carballo, M, Daita, S, Hernandez, M: Impact of the Tsunami on healthcare systems. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2005;98:390395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35. World Health Organization: Three months after the Indian Ocean earthquake-tsunami. Available at http://www.who.int/hac/crises/international/asia_tsunami/3months/report/en/print.html. Accessed 26 September 2005.Google Scholar
36. World Health Organization: The Drinking Water Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami, Including the Role of Household Water treatment. Available at http://www.who.int/hac/crises/international/asia_tsunami/3months/report/en/print.html. Accessed 26 September 2005.Google Scholar
37. World Health Organization Country Health Profile: India. Available at http://w3.whosea.org/EN/Section313/Section1519.htm. Accessed 26 Ocober 2005Google Scholar