Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T12:36:06.078Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Characterizing Chemical Terrorism Incidents Collected by the Global Terrorism Database, 1970-2015

Part of: Prehospital and Disaster Medicine Counterterrorism Collection

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 July 2019

Cynthia Santos ,
Tharwat El Zahran ,
Jessica Weiland ,
Mehruba Anwar  and
Joshua Schier
Cynthia Santos*
Affiliation:
Emergency Medicine and Medical Toxicology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
Tharwat El Zahran
Affiliation:
Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
Jessica Weiland
Affiliation:
Toxicology Section, Department of Emergency Medicine, Wellstar Cobb Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Mehruba Anwar
Affiliation:
Department of Emergency Medicine, Jackson Health System, Miami, Florida, USA
Joshua Schier
Affiliation:
Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Environmental Toxicology Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
*
Correspondence: Cynthia Santos, MD, Assistant Professor Emergency Medicine and Medical Toxicology Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Newark, New Jersey USA E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background:

The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) is an open-source database on terrorist incidents around the world since 1970, and it is maintained by the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START; College Park, Maryland USA), a US Department of Homeland Security Center of Excellence. The consortium reviews media reports to determine if an event meets eligibility to be categorized as a terrorism incident for entry into the database.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to characterize chemical terrorism incidents reported to the GTD and understand more about the kinds of chemical agents used, the associated morbidity and mortality, the geography of incidents, and the intended targets.

Methods:

Chemical terrorism incidents from 1970 through 2015 were analyzed by chemical agent category, injury and fatality, geographic region, and target.

Results:

During the study period, 156,772 terrorism incidents were reported to the GTD, of which 292 (0.19%) met the inclusion criteria for analysis as a chemical terrorism incident. The reported chemical agent categories were: unknown chemical (30.5%); corrosives (23.3%); tear gas/mace (12.3%); unspecified gas (11.6%); cyanide (8.2%); pesticides (5.5%); metals (6.5%); and nerve gas (2.1%). On average, chemical terrorism incidents resulted in 51 injuries (mean range across agents: 2.5-1,622.0) and seven deaths (mean range across agents: 0.0-224.3) per incident. Nerve gas incidents (2.1%) had the highest mean number of injuries (n = 1,622) and fatalities (n = 224) per incident. The highest number of chemical terrorism incidents occurred in South Asia (29.5%), Western Europe (16.8%), and Middle East/North Africa (13.0%). The most common targets were private citizens (19.5%), of which groups of women (22.8%) were often the specific target. Incidents targeting educational institutions often specifically targeted female students or teachers (58.1%).

Conclusions:

Chemical terrorism incidents rarely occur; however, the use of certain chemical terrorism agents, for example nerve gas, can cause large mass-causality events that can kill or injure thousands with a single use. Certain regions of the world had higher frequency of chemical terrorism events overall, and also varied in their frequencies of the specific chemical terrorism agent used. Data suggest that morbidity and mortality vary by chemical category and by region. Results may be helpful in developing and optimizing regional chemical terrorism preparedness activities.

Keywords

agentschemicalterrorism
Type
Original Research
Information
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine , Volume 34 , Issue 4 , August 2019 , pp. 385 - 392
Copyright
© World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. Global Terrorism Database. College Park, Maryland USA: University of Maryland; 2015.Google Scholar
Global Terrorism Database. Global Terrorism Database Codebook: Inclusion Criteria and Variables. https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/downloads/Codebook.pdf. Accessed June 12, 2017.Google Scholar
Hoffman, RS, et al. Goldfrank’s Toxicologic Emergencies. Tenth ed. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Education; 2015.Google Scholar
British Broadcasting Cooperation. Syria “chemical attack:” what we know. 2017. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39500947. Accessed June 12, 2017.Google Scholar
Masuda, N, Takatsu, M, Morinari, H, Ozawa, T. Sarin poisoning in Tokyo subway. Lancet. 1995;345(8962):1446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suzuki, T, Morita, H, Ono, K, Maekawa, K, Nagai, R, Yazaki, Y. Sarin poisoning in Tokyo subway. Lancet. 1995;345(8955):980–981.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okumura, T, Takasu, N, Ishimatsu, S, et al. Report of 640 victims of the Tokyo subway sarin attack. Ann Emerg Med. 1996;28(2):129–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ohbu, S, Yamashina, A, Takasu, N, et al. Sarin poisoning on Tokyo subway. South Med J. 1997;90(6):587–593.10.1097/00007611-199706000-00002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olson, K. Aum Shinrikyo: once and future threat? Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;5(4):413–416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Medicins Sans Frontieres. Syria: thousands suffering neurotoxic symptoms treated in hospitals supported by MSF. 2013. http://www.msf.org/en/article/syria-thousands-suffering-neurotoxic-symptoms-treated-hospitals-supported-msf. Accessed August 11, 2017.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Santos et al. supplementary material

Table S1

Download Santos et al. supplementary material(File)
File 14.3 KB