Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T03:29:23.105Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

An investigation on the microstructure and defects in the mechanically milled Cu and Fe powders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 October 2014

M. Mojtahedi ,
M. Goodarzi ,
M. R. Aboutalebi  and
V. Soleimanian
M. Mojtahedi*
Affiliation:
School of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
M. Goodarzi
Affiliation:
School of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
M. R. Aboutalebi
Affiliation:
School of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
V. Soleimanian
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
*
a) Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The microstructural characteristics of mechanically milled (MM) iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) powders are investigated by means of various X-ray crystallography analysis methods. The conventional Williamson–Hall and Warren–Averbach methods are used besides the modified Williamson–Hall, the modified Warren–Averbach, and the Variance approaches, in proper cases. Afterward, the obtained crystallite size and dislocation density are used to calculate the stored energy in the nanostructured powders. For this aim, a new geometrical approach is developed which can consider three-dimensional crystallites and the thickness of boundaries between them. Moreover, the released energy during annealing of MM Cu and Fe powders is measured using differential scanning calorimetry. The results of line broadening analysis and geometrical modelling are combined to the calorimetry of a room temperature aged Cu powder. In this way, the thickness of grain boundary in the nanostructured Cu is calculated to be 1.6 nm.

Keywords

nanostructureXRD analysisgeometrical modelgrain boundary thicknessinterface energy
Type
Technical Articles
Information
Powder Diffraction , Volume 30 , Issue 1 , March 2015 , pp. 14 - 24
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © International Centre for Diffraction Data 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aguilar, C., Martínez, V., Navea, L., Pavez, O., and Santander, M. (2009). “Thermodynamic analysis of the change of solid solubility in a binary system processed by mechanical alloying,” J. Alloys Compd. 471, 336–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aste, T., Boose, D., and Rivier, N. (1996). “From one cell to the whole froth: a dynamical map,” Phys. Rev. E 53, 6181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borbely, A. and Groma, I. (2001). “Variance method for the evaluation of particle size and dislocation density from x-ray Bragg peaks,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 1772–1774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borbély, A. and Ungar, T. (2012). “X-ray line profiles analysis of plastically deformed metals,” C. R. Phys. 13, 293–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borbély, A., Dragomir-Cernatescu, J. Ribarik, G., and Ungar, T. (2003). “Computer program ANIZC for the calculation of diffraction contrast factors of dislocations in elastically anisotropic cubic, hexagonal and trigonal crystals,” J. Appl. Crystallogr. 36(1), 160–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boytsov, O., Ustinov, A. I., Gaffet, E., and Bernard, F. (2007). “Correlation between milling parameters and microstructure characteristics of nanocrystalline copper powder prepared via a high energy planetary ball mill,” J. Alloys Compd. 432, 103–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caglioti, G., Paoletti, A., and Ricci, F. P. (1958). “Choice of collimators for a crystal spectrometer for neutron diffraction,” Nucl. Instrum. 3, 223–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caro, A. and Van Swygenhoven, H. (2001). “Grain boundary and triple junction enthalpies in nanocrystalline metals,” Phys. Rev. B 63, 134101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delshad Chermahini, M., Zandrahimi, M., Shokrollahi, H., and Sharafi, S. (2009). “The effect of milling time and composition on microstructural and magnetic properties of nanostructured Fe–Co alloys,” J. Alloys Compd. 477(1–2), 45–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dong, Y. H. and Scardi, P. (2000). “MarqX: a new program for whole-powder-pattern fitting,” J. Appl. Crystallogr. 33(1), 184–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fais, A. and Scardi, P. (2008). “Capacitor discharge sintering of nanocrystalline copper,” Z. Kristallogr. Suppl. 27, 37–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fecht, H. J., Hellstern, E., Fu, Z., and Johnson, W. L. (1990). “Nanocrystalline metals prepared by high-energy ball milling,” Metall. Trans. A 21, 2333–2337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiebig, J., Divinski, S., Rosner, H., Estrin, Y., and Wilde, G. (2011). “Diffusion of Ag and Co in ultrafine-grained a-Ti deformed by equal channel angular pressing,” J. Appl. Phys. 110, 083514–083518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grabski, M. W. and Korski, R. (1970). “Grain boundaries as sinks for dislocations,” Phil. Mag. 22, 707–715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groma, I. (1998). “X-ray line broadening due to an inhomogeneous dislocation distribution,” Phys. Rev. B 57, 7535–7542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gubicza, J. and Ungar, T. (2007). “Characterization of defect structures in nanocrystalline materials by X-ray line profile analysis,” Z. Kristallogr. 222, 567–579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guittoum, A., Layadi, A., Tafat, H., and Souami, N. (2010). “Structural, microstructural and hyperfine properties of nanocrystalline iron particles,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 322, 566–571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, Y.-B., Xu, T., and Li, M. (2013). “Generalized type III internal stress from interfaces, triple junctions and other microstructural components in nanocrystalline materials,” Acta Mater. 61, 4974–4983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagege, S., Carter, C. B., Cosandey, F., and Sass, S. L. (1982). “The variation of grain boundary structural width with misorientation angle and boundary plane,” Phil. Mag. A 45, 723–740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, D. and Bacon, D. J. (2001). Introduction to dislocation (Pergamon Press), 4th ed.Google Scholar
Inoue, A., Nitta, H., and Iijima, Y. (2007). “Grain boundary self-diffusion in high purity iron,” Acta Mater. 55, 5910–5916.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Islamgaliev, R. K., Pekala, K., Pekala, M., and Valiev, R. Z. (1997). “The determination of the grain boundary width of ultrafine grained copper and nickel from electrical resistivity measurements,” Phys. Status Solidi A 162, 559–566.3.0.CO;2-Z>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jang, D. and Atzmon, M. (2006). “Grain-boundary relaxation and its effect on plasticity in nanocrystalline Fe,” J. Appl. Phys. 99, 083504–083507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khitouni, M., Daly, R., Mhadhbi, M., and Kolsi, A. (2009). “Structural evolution in nanocrystalline Cu obtained by high-energy mechanical milling: phases formation of copper oxides,” J. Alloys Compd. 475, 581–586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krivoglaz, M. A. (Eds.) (1996). X-ray and Neutron Diffraction in Nonideal Crystals (Springer, Berlin).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krivoglaz, M. A. and Ryaboshapka, K. P. (1963). “Theory of X-ray scattering by crystals containing dislocations,” Phys. Met. Metall. 15, 18–31.Google Scholar
Langford, J. I. and Wilson, A. J. C. (1978). “Scherrer after sixty years: a survey and some new results in the determination of crystallite size,” J. Appl. Crystallogr. 11, 102–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Burn, P., Gaffet, E., Froyen, L., and Delaey, L. (1992). “Structure and properties of Cu, Ni and Fe powders milled in a planetary ball mill,” Scr. Metall. Mater. 26, 1743–1748.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, D. X., Ping, D. H., Huang, J. Y., Yu, Y. D., and Ye, H. Q. (2000). “Microstructure and composition analysis of nanostructured materials using HREM and FEG-TEM,” Micron 31, 581–586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, M. and Xu, T. (2011). “Topological and atomic scale characterization of grain boundary networks in polycrystalline and nanocrystalline materials,” Progr. Mater. Sci. 56, 864–899.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitra, G. B. and Mukherjee, P. S. (1981). “Application of the method of moments to X-ray diffraction line profiles from paracrystals: native cellulose fibres,” J. Appl. Crystall. 14(6), 421–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohamed, F. A. (2003). “A dislocation model for the minimum grain size obtainable by milling,” Acta Mater. 51, 4107–4119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mojtahedi, M., Goodarzi, M., Aboutalebi, M. R., Ghaffari, M., and Soleimanian, V. (2013). “Investigation on the formation of Cu–Fe nano crystalline super-saturated solid solution developed by mechanical alloying,” J. Alloys Compd. 550(0), 380–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mula, S., Bahmanpour, H., Mal, S., Kang, P. C., Atwater, M., Jian, W., Scattergood, R. O., and Koch, C. C. (2012). “Thermodynamic feasibility of solid solubility extension of Nb in Cu and their thermal stability,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A 539, 330–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mütschele, T. and Kirchheim, R. (1987). “Hydrogen as a probe for the average thickness of a grain boundary,” Scr. Metall. 21, 1101–1104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nieh, T. G. and Wadsworth, J. (1991). “Hall-petch relation in nanocrystalline solids,” Scr. Metall. Mater. 25, 955–958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oleszak, D. and Shingu, P. H. (1996). “Nanocrystalline metals prepared by low energy ball milling,” J. Appl. Phys. 79, 2975–2980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palumbo, G., Thorpe, S. J., and Aust, K. T. (1990). “On the contribution of triple junctions to the structure and properties of nanocrystalline materials,” Scr. Metall. Mater. 24, 1347–1350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pari, L. D. Jr and Misiolek, W. Z. (2008). “Theoretical predictions and experimental verification of surface grain structure evolution for AA6061 during hot rolling,” Acta Mater. 56, 6174–6185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prokoshkina, D., Esin, V. A., Wilde, G., and Divinski, S. V. (2013). “Grain boundary width, energy and self-diffusion in nickel: effect of material purity,” Acta Mater. 61, 5188–5197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheibani, S., Heshmati-Manesh, S., and Ataie, A. (2010). “Structural investigation on nano-crystalline Cu-Cr supersaturated solid solution prepared by mechanical alloying,” J. Alloys Compd. 495, 59–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimokawa, T., Nakatani, A., and Kitagawa, H. (2005). “Grain-size dependence of the relationship between intergranular and intragranular deformation of nanocrystalline Al by molecular dynamics simulations,” Phys. Rev. B 71, 224110–224118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sommer, J. and Herzig, C. (1992). “Direct determination of grain boundary and dislocation self diffusion coefficients in silver from experiments in typeC kinetics,” J. Appl. Phys. 72, 2758–2766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surholt, T. and Herzig, C. (1997). “Grain boundary self-and solute diffusion and segregation in general large angle grain boundaries in copper,” Defect Diffus. Forum, Trans. Tech. Publ. 143, 1391–1396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suryanarayana, C. (Eds.) (2004). Mechanical Alloying and Milling (Marcel Dekker, New York).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, G., Siegel, R. W., and Eastman, J. A. (1990). “Grain boundaries in nanophase palladium: high resolution electron microscopy and image simulation,” Scr. Metall. Mater. 24, 201–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tian, H. H. and Atzmon, M. (1999). “Comparison of X-ray analysis methods used to determine the grain size and strain in nanocrystalline materials,” Phil. Mag. A 79, 1769–1786.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ungar, T. and Borbely, A. (1996). “The effect of dislocation contrast on X-ray line broadening: a new approach to line profile analysis,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 3173–3175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ungar, T., Ott, S., Sanders, P. G., Borbély, A., and Weertman, J. R. (1998a). “Dislocations, grain size and planar faults in nanostructured copper determined by high resolution X-ray diffraction and a new procedure of peak profile analysis,” Acta Mater. 46, 3693–3699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ungar, T., Révész, Á., and Borbély, A. (1998b). “Dislocations and grain size in electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni determined by the modified Williamson–Hall and Warren-Averbach procedures,” J. Appl. Crystallogr. 31, 554–558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, B. E. and Averbach, B. L. (1950). “The effect of cold-work distortion on x-ray patterns,” J. Appl. Phys. 21, 595–599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkens, M. (1976). “Broadening of X-ray diffraction lines of crystals containing dislocation distributions,” Kristall. Tech. 11, 1159–1169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, G. K. and Hall, W. H. (1953). “X-ray line broadening from filed aluminium and wolfram,” Acta Metall. 1(1), 22–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, G. K. and Smallman, R. E. (1956). “Dislocation densities in some annealed and cold-worked metals from measurements on the X-ray Debye–Scherrer spectrum,” Phil. Mag. 1, 34–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, A. J. C. (1962). “On variance as a measure of line broadening in diffractometry general theory and small particle size,” Proc. Phys. Soc. 80, 286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wunderlich, W., Ishida, Y., and Maurer, R. (1990). “HREM-studies of the microstructure of nanocrystalline palladium,” Scr. Metall. Mater. 24, 403–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamakov, V., Wolf, D., Phillpot, S. R., and Gleiter, H. (2002). “Deformation twinning in nanocrystalline Al by molecular-dynamics simulation,” Acta Mater. 50, 5005–5020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, Y. H. (2006). “Thermodynamic model for solid-state amorphization of pure elements by mechanical-milling,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 352, 5578–5585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, Y. H., Sheng, H. W., and Lu, K. (2001). “Microstructure evolution and thermal properties in nanocrystalline Fe during mechanical attrition,” Acta Mater. 49, 365–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, Y. H., Lu, K., and Zhang, K. (2002). “Microstructure evolution and thermal properties in nanocrystalline Cu during mechanical attrition,” Phys. Rev. B 66, 854041–854048.CrossRefGoogle Scholar