Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T14:30:09.076Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

X-ray diffraction as a major tool for the analysis of PM2.5 and PM10 aerosols

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 April 2020

Nasser M. Hamdan*
Affiliation:
Physics Department, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Hussain Alawadhi
Affiliation:
Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
*
a)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Particulate matter (PM) specimens from a traffic site were sampled on Teflon filters using a low volume sampler. The sampling campaign ran over a one-year period with sampling frequency of twice a week for both PM2.5 and PM10. X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods, which are not commonly used in PM analysis, have been utilized successfully to identify crystalline phases present, including secondary pollutants. XRD data confirmed results obtained by X-ray fluorescence, positive matrix factorization modeling, and scanning electron microscopy. PM2.5 consisted mainly of secondary sulfates, like Mascagnite [(NH4)2SO4], Koktaite [(NH4)2Ca(SO4)2·H2O], and Gypsum [CaSO4·2H2O]. For PM10, it was found that the major phases are mostly originating from natural sources, such as dust storms and sea salts, in addition to secondary compounds, such as sodium nitrate. The main phases identified were Calcite, Quartz, Gypsum, Halite, and Palygorskite.

Type
Proceedings Paper
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Centre for Diffraction Data

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achilleos, S., Wolfson, J. M., Ferguson, S. T., Kung, C. M., Hadjimitsis, D. G., Hadjicharalambous, M., Achilleos, C., Christodoulou, A., Nisanzti, A., Papoutsa, C., Themistocleous, K., Athanasatos, S., Perdikou, S., and Koutrakis, P. (2016). “Spatial variability of fine and coarse particle composition and sources in Cyprus,” Atmos. Res. 169, 255270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al Katheeri, E., Al Jallad, F., and Al Omar, M. (2012). “Assessment of gaseous and particulate pollutants in the ambient air in Al Mirfa City, United Arab Emirates,” J. Environ. Prot. 3(07), 640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J. O., Thundiyil, J. G., and Stolbach, A. (2012). “Clearing the air: a review of the effects of particulate matter air pollution on human health,” J. Med. Toxicol. 8(2), 166175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bener, A., Dogan, M., Ehlayel, N., Shanks, N., and Sabbah, A. (2009). “The impact of air pollution on hospital admission for respirarory and cardiovascular diseases in an oil and gas-rich country,” Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 41(3), 80.Google Scholar
Gates-Rector, S. and Blanton, T. (2019). “The powder diffraction file: a quality materials characterization database,” Powd. Diffr. 34(4), 352360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamdan, N. M., Alawadhi, H., and Jisrawi, N. (2015). “Elemental and chemical analysis of PM10 and PM2.5 indoor and outdoor pollutants in the UAE,” Int. J. Environ. Sci. Dev. 6(8), 566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamdan, N. M., Alawadhi, H., and Jisrawi, N. (2016). “Particulate matter pollution in the United Arab Emirates: elemental analysis and phase identification of fine particulate pollutants.” Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress on New Technologies (NewTech'16), Budapest, Hungary, August 2016, pp. 18-19. International Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology (International ASET Inc.), Orléans, Ontario, Canada.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamdan, N. M., Alawadhi, H., Jisrawi, N., and Shameer, M. (2018a). “Characterization of fine particulate matter in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates using complementary experimental techniques,” Sustainability 10(4), 1088.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamdan, N. M., Alawadi, H., Jisrawi, N., and Shameer, M. (2018b). “Size-resolved analysis of fine and ultrafine fractions of indoor particulate matter using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and electron microscopy,” X-Ray Spectrom. 47(1), 7278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ianniello, A., Spataro, F., Esposito, G., Allegrini, I., Hu, M., and Zhu, T. (2011). “Chemical characteristics of inorganic ammonium salts in PM2.5 in the atmosphere of Beijing (China),” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11(21), 1080310822.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y., Gibson, J. M., Jat, P., Puggioni, G., Hasan, M., West, J. J., Vizuete, W., Sexton, K., and Serre, M. (2010). “Burden of disease attributed to anthropogenic air pollution in the United Arab Emirates: estimates based on observed air quality data,” Sci. Total Environ. 408(23), 57845793.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moloi, K., Viksna, A., Selin, E., Lindgren, L., and Standzenieks, P., (2002). “Sequential leaching of trace elements in fine-particle aerosol samples on Teflon filters,” X-Ray Spectrom. 31(1), 2734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Centre for Meteorology and Seismology, United Arab Emirates (2019). “UAE climate yearly report 2003–2018.” Available at http://www.ncms.ae/en/climate-reportsyearly.html?id=26Google Scholar
Satsangi, P. and Yadav, S. (2014). “Characterization of PM2.5 by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectrometer: its relation with different pollution sources,” Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 11(1), 217232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, X., Shao, L., Zheng, Q., and Yang, S., (2015). “Characterization of crystalline secondary particles and elemental composition in PM10 of North China,” Environ. Earth Sci. 74(7), 57175727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sundvor, I., Balaguer, N. C., Viana, M., Querol, X., Reche, C., Amato, F., and Guerreiro, C. (2013). “Road Traffic's Contribution to Air Quality in European Cities, ETC/ACM Technical Paper 2012/14.” Copenhagen: European Topic Centre for Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation.Google Scholar
Widziewicz, K., Rogula-Kozłowska, W., and Loska, K. (2016). “Cancer risk from arsenic and chromium species bound to PM2.5 and PM1 – Polish case study,” Atmos. Pollut. Res. 7(5), 884894.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, C. M., Tsang, H., Lai, H. K., Thomas, G. N., Lam, K. B., Chan, K. P., Zheng, Q., Ayres, J. G., Lee, S. Y., Lam, T. H., and Thach, T. H. (2016). “Cancer mortality risks from long-term exposure to ambient fine particle,” Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 25(5), 839845.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, L. H., Liou, Y. J., Cheng, M. T., Lu, J. H., Yang, H. H., Tsai, Y. I., Wang, L. C., Chen, C. B., and Lai, J. S. (2012). “Effects of biodiesel, engine load and diesel particulate filter on nonvolatile particle number size distributions in heavy-duty diesel engine exhaust,” J. Hazard. Mater. 199, 282289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed