Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T21:26:44.721Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Evaluation of the detectability and quantification of respirable crystalline silica by X-ray powder diffraction methods

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2013

Deane K. Smith
Deane K. Smith
Affiliation:
Department of Geosciences and Materials Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

X-ray powder diffraction is one of the most sensitive methods for the analysis of crystalline forms of silica. In addition to detection and quantification, it can determine the specific crystalline species in the sample. The principal limitations of the method depend on the effective volume of the sample in the X-ray beam and the number of crystallites in the proper orientation to diffract. Detection limits are usually reported as 2 μg in thin-film filter mounts and 0.1% in bulk samples that are free of interference from associated minerals. Filter methods are most often used for air quality monitoring and several standardized procedures have been certified. Standard procedures for bulk samples are difficult to certify because of the variability of the matrices and their potential interferences. All of the methods of quantification require calibration with known samples of quartz or cristobalite. Certification of standard samples involves characterization of the particle and crystallite size and size distribution and amorphous content as well as determining the X-ray diffraction response. Although quartz is readily available and cristobalite is easy to synthesize, preparation of quantities of sufficient uniformity and stability is a limiting factor in certifying such samples for reasonable costs. Conventional diffraction equipment can be used for crystalline silica analysis at the present detection limits required by safety standards. Relatively simple modifications of the diffractometer will increase its sensitivity to small amounts of silica and improve the lower limits of quantification.

Type
Research Article
Information
Powder Diffraction , Volume 12 , Issue 4 , December 1997 , pp. 200 - 227
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

NIOSH Reports

NIOSH Method 7500: Abell, M. T., Dollberg, D. D., Palassis, J., and Lange, B. A. (1984). “Measurement of Respirable Crystalline Silica Using X-ray Powder Diffraction,” Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd. ed., edited by P. M. Miller, DHHS Publication 84-100. (Filter)Google Scholar
NIOSH Method 7500 (revised): (1989). “Measurement of Respirable Crystalline Silica Using X-ray Powder Diffraction.” (Filter)Google Scholar
NIOSH Method 7501 (1985). “Silica, Amorphous.” (Filter)Google Scholar
Anderson, C. C. (1983). “Collaborative Tests of Two Methods for Determining Free Silica in Airborne Dust,” Final Report, Contract No. 210-79-0059. NIOSH DHHS Pub. 83-124, Cincinnati, OH. (Filter)Google Scholar
Palassis, J., and Jones, W. G. (1991). “Particle Size Effects on the Accuracy of Respirable Silica Analysis by X-ray Powder Diffraction.” (Particles)Google Scholar
Peters, E. T. (1976). Evaluation of the NIOSH X-ray Diffraction Method for the Determination of Free Silica in Respirable Dust,” Contract No. CDC-99-74-51., NIOSH. (Evaluation)Google Scholar
Philips Electronics Instruments (1982). “Crystalline Silica Analysis by Automated Powder Diffractometry at the OSHA Analytical Laboratory,” Norelco Reporter 29, 40–44.Google Scholar
(1974). “Free Silica (Quartz, Cristobalite, Tridymite) in Atmospheric Dust,” in NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. (Filter)Google Scholar
(1986). “Occupational Respiratory Diseases,” edited by J. Merchant, DHHS Pub. No. 86-102, 219–223.Google Scholar
(1974). “Occupational Exposure to Crystalline Silica, Criteria for a Recommended Standard,” HEW Publication (NIOSH) 75–20. (Toxicology)Google Scholar
“NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods,” edited by D. G. Taylor and J. V. Crable, NIOSH Publications Nos. 77-157 (vols. 1–3), 18–175 (Vol. 4), and 79–141 (Vol. 5). (Filter)Google Scholar
Anderson, D. W., Gebhardt, R. E., Trader, C. W., and Dobson, L. A. (1976). “Improved Quantitative X-ray Diffraction Determination of Respirable Free Silica,” in Proceedings of a Round Table Discussion on Thermal Analysis Techniques, DHEW (NIOSH) 76-173. (Filter)Google Scholar

DOL/OSHA/SLC Reports

Thomas, E. V., and Rose, M. C. (1983). “X-ray Documentation Manual,” Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Salt Lake City Analytical Laboratory. (Filter)Google Scholar
“Standard Operating Procedures - X-ray Diffraction,” Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Salt Lake City Analytical Laboratory. (Filter)Google Scholar
Giles, P. and Cee, R. (ND). “OSHA Laboratory Quartz Detection Limit Study,” Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Salt Lake City Analytical Laboratory. (Evaluation)Google Scholar
Groff, J. H. (1980). Memorandum to PAT participants, May 7, 1980, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH. (Evaluation)Google Scholar
(1989). OSHA “Quartz and Cristobalite in Workplace Atmospheres,” Method Number ID-142. in OSHA Methods Manual, 2nd. Ed. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH. Publication No. 4545. (revision of earlier 1981 version). (Filter)Google Scholar

U. S. Bureau of Mines

Goldberg, S. A., and Jacobson, M. (1972). “Bureau of Mines Procedure for Evaluating Quartz Content of Respirable Coal Mine Dust.” USBM IC 8545, pp10. (Filter)Google Scholar
Freedman, R. W. (1972). “Analysis of Free Silica in Respirable Dust,” USBM IC 8521, pp8. (Filter)Google Scholar
Thatcher, J. W. (1975). “The Determination of Free Silica in Airborne Dust Collected on Membrane Filters,” USDI MESA IR 1021. (Filter)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huggins, C. W., Shedd, IK. B., Snyder, J. G., Lang, H. W., and Tomb, T. F. (1985). “Interagency Comparison of Respirable Quartz Analysis,” U. S. Bureau of Mines, Vol. OFR111-85, 67. (Evaluation)Google Scholar
Huggins, C. W., Johnson, S. N., Segreti, J. M., and Snyder, J. G. (1985). “Determination of Alpha Quartz Particle Distribution in Respirable Coal Mine Dust Samples and Reference Standards,” U. S. Bureau of Mines, Rept. Invest. 8975, p. 11. (Particles)Google Scholar
McKee, C., Renault, J., and Barker, J. (1990). “Quantitative Analysis of Quartz in Perlite by X-ray Diffraction,” Society of Mining Engineering Meeting, Salt Lake City, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Natural Resources, Socorro, NM 87801. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar

Ministry of Labour Reports (Canada)

(1985). “Code for the Determination of Crystalline Silica in Bulk Samples,” Ministry of Labour, Occupational Health and Safety Division, Toronto.Google Scholar
Gordon, R. L., Griffen, O. G., and Nagelschmidt, G. (1952). “The Determination of Quartz By X-ray Diffraction.” Safety in Mines Research Estab. Res. Rep. No. 52, pp25. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Gordon, R. L., and Harris, G. W. (1956). “Geiger-Muller Counter Equipment for Quantitative X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Powders,” Res. Rep. No. 138, Safety in Mines Res. Establ., Sheffield, Eng. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Griffen, O. G. (1954). “A New Internal Standard for the Quantitative X-ray Analysis of Shales and Mine Dusts.” Safety in Mines Research Estab. Res. Rep. No. 101, HMSO, London. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Knight, G. (1975). “Detailed Studies on the Assessment of Quartz by X-ray Diffraction in Airborne Dust Samples and their Collection in Hard Rock Mines,” Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, Mining Research Laboratory, Elliot Lake, Report MRP/MRL 75-17 (TR). (Evaluation)Google Scholar
Knight, G., Stefanich, W., and Ireland, G. (1971). “Laboratory Calibration of a Technique for Determination of Respirable Quartz in Mine Air using Personal Samplers and X-ray Diffraction,” Internal Report MR71/33-ID, Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources, Canada. (Calibration)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Machacek, H. (ND). “Quantitative X-ray Determination of Quartz and Pyrite in Dusts.” Technical Bulletin TB123, Mineral Sciences Div., Dept. of Energy, Mines, and Resources, Ottawa, Canada.” (Filter)Google Scholar

HSE Reports (Great Britain)

MDHS 51 (1986). “Quartz in Respirable Airborne Dusts.” (Filter)Google Scholar
MDHS 51/2 (1988). “Quartz in Respirable Airborne Dusts: Laboratory Method Using X-ray Diffraction (Direct Method).” (Filter)Google Scholar

IARC Reports

IARC (1987). “Silica and Some Silicates,” IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, 42, 1–144. (Toxicology)Google Scholar

Miscellaneous Reports

Bumsted, H. E., Nies, J. D., and Clark, H. E. (ND). Applications Note No. 70, “Free-Silica Determination with an Automated X-ray Diffractometer,” Siemens-Allis. (Filter)Google Scholar
Corn, M., Zeger, S., Hall, T. A., and Law, C. C. (ND). “Report to AMC on Free Silica Content of Mine Dust - Appendix D: Analytical Methodology,” Johns Hopkins University. (Filter)Google Scholar
Murray, H. M., and Merkl, R. S. (ND). “Analytical Method for Determination of Free Silica, Clay Minerals Laboratory, Department of Geology, Indiana University. (Filter)Google Scholar
Clayton (ND). “Free Silica (Crystalline Quartz, Cristobalite, Tridymite)” Clayton Environmental Consultants, Inc. (Filter)Google Scholar
Little (1976). “Evaluation of the NIOSH X-ray Diffraction Method for the Determination of Free Silica in Respirable Dust.” Report from A. D. Little, Inc. (Filter)Google Scholar
ITT (1983). “Preliminary Evaluation of Direct Free Silica Analysis on PVC Membranes by X-ray Diffraction.” Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute, Final Report, Task 8 Phase 2, Prepared for NIOSH, Contract No. 210-81-7108. (Filter)Google Scholar

Journal Articles

Abell, M. T., and Dollberg, D. D. (1978). “A Quantitative Analysis Software Package for Use with the APD3500,” Norelco Rep. 25, 21–25. (Automation)Google Scholar
Abell, M. T., Dollberg, D. D., and Crable, J. V. (1981a). “Quantitative Analysis of Dust Samples from Occupational Environments Using Computer-Automated X-ray Diffraction.”Adv. X-Ray Anal. 24, 37–48.(Automation)Google Scholar
Abell, M. T., Dollberg, D. D., Lange, B. A., Hornung, R. W., and Haartz, J. C. (1981b). “Absorption Corrections in X-ray Diffraction Dust Analysis; Procedures Employing Silver Filters.” in Electron Microscopy and X-ray Applications 2, p115 (Ann Arbor Science Publications, Ann Arbor, Vol. 2, p. 115. (Filter)Google Scholar
Alexander, L. E., and Klug, H. P. (1948). “Basic Aspects of X-ray Absorption in Quantitative Diffraction Analysis of Powder Mixtures.”Anal. Chem. 20, 886–894,reprinted Powder Diffr. 4, 66–99. (Theory)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, L. E., Klug, H. P., and Kammer, E. (1948). “Statistical Factors Affecting the Intensity of X-rays Diffracted by Crystalline Powders,” J. Appl. Phys. 19, 742–753.(Theory)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, G., Samimi, B., Ziskind, M., and Weill, H. (1974). “X-ray Diffraction Determination of α-Quartz in Respirable and Total Dust Samples from Sand-Blasting Operations,” Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 35, 711–717.(Filter)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altree-Williams, S. (1977). “Quantitative X-ray Diffractometry on Milligram Samples Prepared on Silver Filters,” Anal. Chem. 49, 429–432.(Filter)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, S. (1978). “Calculated X-ray Diffraction Data and Quantitative X-ray Diffractometry,” Anal. Chem. 50, 1272–1276.(Theory)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altree-Williams, S., Lee, J., and Mezin, N. (1977). “Quantitative X-ray Diffractometry on Respirable Dust Collected on Nuclepore Filters,” Ann. Occup. Hyg. 20, 109–126. (Filter)Google Scholar
Altree-Williams, S., Byrnes, J. G., and Norman, M. B. (1981a). “Reference Material for the Quantitation of alpha-Quartz in Respirable Dust by X-ray Diffraction,” Ann. Occup. Hyg. 24, 347–356. (Calibration)Google Scholar
Altree-Williams, S., Byrnes, J. G., and Jordan, B. (1981b). “Amorphous Surface and Quantitative X-ray Powder Diffractometry,” Analyst (Cambridge, U.K.) 106, 69–75.(Amorphous)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, P. L. (1975). “Free Silica Analysis of Environmental Samples—A Critical Literature Review,” Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 36, 767–776.(Review)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Babyak, B. S., and Kaschak, B. S. (1975, 1978). “Free Silica - A Bibliography,” Industrial Health Foundation, Inc., 5231 Centre Ave., Pittsburgh, PA. (Review)Google Scholar
Bartley, D. L., and Doemeny, L. J. (1986). “Critique of 1985 ACGIH Report on Particle Size-Selective Sampling in the Workplace,” Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 47,443. (Particles)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bayliss, P. (1986). “Quantitative Analysis of Sedimentary Minerals by Powder X-ray Diffraction,” Powder Diffr. 1, 37–39.(Bulk Anal.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bish, D. L., and Howard, S. A. (1988). “Quantitative Phase Analysis Using the Rietveld Method,” J. Appl. Crystallogr. 21, 86–91.(Bulk Anal.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bish, D. L., and Reynolds, R. C. (1989). “Sample Preparation for X-ray Diffraction,” in Modern Powder Diffraction, edited by D. L. Bish, and J. E. Post, (Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC). (Sample Prep.)Google Scholar
Blount, A. (1989). Personal communication to P. A. Carr, Rutgers University, NJ. (Filter)Google Scholar
Bradley, A. A. (1967). “The Determination of Quartz in Very Small Samples by an X-ray Technique,” J. Sci. Instrum. 44, 287–288.(Bulk Anal.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brindley, G. W. (1945). “The Effect of Grain or Particle Size on X-ray Reflections from Mixed Powders or Alloys,” Philos. Mag. 36, 347–369.(Particles)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brindley, G. W. (1980). “Quantitative X-ray Mineral Analysis of Clays,” Chapter 5 in Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and Their X-ray Identification, edited by G. W. Brindley and G. Brown, (Mineralogical Society, London, UK). (Particles)Google Scholar
Brindley, G. W., and Udagawa, S. (1959). “Sources of Errors in the X-ray Determination of Quartz,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 42, 643–644.(Particles)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buhrke, V., Jenkins, R., and Smith, D. K. (1997). Specimen Preparation for X-ray Analysis (Wiley-Interscience, New York) (Sample Prep.)Google Scholar
Bumsted, H. E. (1973). “Determination of Alpha-Quartz in the Respirable Portion of Airborne Particulates by X-ray Diffraction,” Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 34, 150–158.(Filter)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bumsted, H. E. (ND). “Free Silica Determination with an Automated X-ray Diffractometer,” presented at the American Indian Hygiene Conference Houston, TX. (Automation)Google Scholar
Calvert, L. D., Sirianni, A. F., Gainsford, G. J., and Hubbard, C. R. (1982). “A Comparison of Methods for Reducing Preferred Orientation,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 26, 105–110.(Sample Prep.)Google Scholar
Carsey, T. (1987). “LISA: A New Aerosol Generation System for Sampler Evaluation,” Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 48, 710–717.(Sampling)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, J. R., Hatcher, M. T., and Di Carlo, L. (1987). “Quantitative Analysis of Quartz and Cristobalite in Bentonite Clay-Based Products by X-ray Diffraction,” Anal. Chem. 59, 513–519.(Bulk Anal.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casciani, G., and G. Ripanucci, (1984). “Optimization of Environmental Sampling of Quartz Containing Dust in Relation to the Limits and Nonlinearity of the Diffractometric Response,” Med. Lav. 75, 200–206. (Filter)Google Scholar
Chung, F. H. (1974a). “Quantitative Interpretation of X-ray Diffraction Patterns of Mixtures. I. Matrix-Flushing Method for Quantitative Multicomponent Analysis,” J. Appl. Crystallogr. 7, 519–525.(Theory)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chung, F. H. (1974b). “Quantitative Interpretation of X-ray Diffraction Patterns of Mixtures. II. Adiabatic Principle of X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Mixtures,” J. Appl. Crystallogr. 7, 526–531.(Theory)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chung, F. H. (1975). “Quantitative Interpretation of X-ray Diffraction Patterns. III. Simultaneous Determination of a Set of Reference Intensities,” J. Appl. Crystallogr. 8, 17–19.(Theory)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chung, F. H. (1982). “Synthesis and Analysis of Crystalline Silica,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 16, 796–799.(Calibration)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chung, F. H. (1978). “Imaging and Analysis of Airborne Dust for Silica,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 12, 1208–1210.(Evaluation)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark. G. L., and Reynolds, D. H. (1936). “Quantitative Analysis of Mine Dusts: An X-ray Diffraction Method,” Ind. Eng. Chem. (Anal. Ed.) 8, 36–42. (Bulk Anal.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clelland, D. W., Cumming, W. M., and Ritchie, P. D. (1952). “Physico-Chemical Studies on Dusts. I. A. High Solubility Layer on Siliceous Dust Surfaces,” J. Appl. Chem. 2, 31–41. (Amorphous)Google Scholar
Clelland, D. W., Cumming, W. M., and Ritchie, P. D. (1952). “Physico-Chemical Studies on Dusts. II. Nature and Regeneration of the High Solubility Layer on Siliceous Dusts,” J. Appl. Chem. 2, 42–48. (Amorphous)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cline, J. P. (1986). “A Study of Quantitative Analysis by X-ray Powder Diffraction,” Ph.D. thesis, Alfred University. (Theory)Google Scholar
Cline, J. P., and Snyder, R. L. (1983). “The Dramatic Effect of Crystallite Size on X-ray Intensities,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 26, 111–117.(Theory)Google Scholar
Cline, J. P., and Snyder, R. L. (1985). “Powder Characteristics Affecting Quantitative Analysis,” in Advances in Materials Characterization, edited by R. L. Snyder, R. A. Condrate, and P. F. Johnson, (Plenum, New York), Vol. II, pp. 131–144. (Theory)Google Scholar
Cline, J. P., and Snyder, R. L. (1987). “The Effects of Extinction on X-ray Powder Diffraction Intensities,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 30, 447–456.(Theory)Google Scholar
Collins, G. C. S., and Nicholas, D. (1976). “X-ray Analysis of Particulate Matter Collected in an Environmental Monitoring Device,” Analyst, Lond. 101, 901–911. (Filter)Google Scholar
Copeland, L. E., and Bragg, R. H. (1958). “Quantitative X-ray Diffraction Analysis,” Anal. Chem. 30, 196–206.(Bulk Anal.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crosby, M. T., and Hamer, P. S. (1971). “The Determination of Quartz in Personal Sampler Filters by X-ray Diffraction,” Am. Occup. Hyg. 14, 65–70. (Filter)Google Scholar
Davis, B. L. (1984). “Reference Intensity Quantitative Analysis using Thin-Layer Aerosol Samples,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 27, 339–348.(Filter)Google Scholar
Davis, B. L. (1986a). “A Tubular Aerosol Suspension Chamber for the Preparation of Powder Samples for X-ray Diffraction Analysis,” Powder Diffr. 1, 240–243.(Samples)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, B. L. (1986b). “Reference Intensity Method of Quantitative X-ray Diffraction Analysis,” South Dakota School of Mines. (Theory)Google Scholar
Davis, B. L. (1988). “The Estimate of Limits of Detection in RIM Quantitative X-ray Diffraction Analysis,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 31, 317–323.(Filter)Google Scholar
Davis, B. L., and Johnson, L. R. (1982a). “On the Use of Various Filter Substrates for Quantitative Particulate Analysis by X-ray Diffraction,” Atmos. Environ. 16, 273–282.(Filter)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, B. L., and Johnson, L. R. (1982b). “Sample Preparation and Methodology for X-ray Quantitative Analysis of Thin Aerosol Layers Deposited on Glass Fiber and Membrane Filters,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 25, 295–300.(Sample Prep.)Google Scholar
Davis, B. L., and Johnson, L. R. (1987). “The Use of Mass Absorption in Quantitative X-ray Diffraction Analysis,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 30, 333–342.(Theory)Google Scholar
Davis, B. L., Johnson, L. R., and Mebrahtu, T. (1986). “X-ray Quantitative Analysis of Coal by the Reference Intensity Method,” Powder Diffr. 1, 244–254.(Filter)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dempster, P. B., and Ritchie, P. D. (1952). “Surface of Finely Grained Silica,” Nature (London) 169, 538–539.(Amorphous)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobreva, M., Lukanova, R., Werner, I., and Petrov. S. (1982). “Evaluation of the Various Methods for the Determination of Crystalline Silicon Dioxide by Comparing the Results of the Analysis of Industrial Dusts.” Z. Gesamte Hyg. Ihre Grenzgeb. 28, 317–320. (Evaluation)Google Scholar
Dollberg, D. D., Abell, M. T., and Lange, B. A. (1980). “Occupational Health Analytical Chemistry Quantitation Using X-ray Powder Diffraction,” ASC Symposium Series, No. 120, pp. 43–46. (Filter)Google Scholar
Donovan, D. T., Knauber, J. W., and VonderHeiden, F. H. (1972). “Silica Analysis of Industrial Hygiene Samples by X-ray Diffraction, Interim Report.” Fourteenth Eastern Analytical Symposium, Atlantic City, NJ. (Filter)Google Scholar
Dragoo, A. L. (1986). “Standard Reference Materials for Powder Diffraction, Part 1 - Overview of Current and Future Standard Materials,” Powder Diffr. 1, 294–298.(Calibration)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drees, L. R., Wilding, L. P., Smeck, N. E., and Senkayi, A. L. (1989). “Silica in Soils: Quartz and Disordered Silica Polymorphs.” in Minerals in Soil Environments, 2nd ed. (Soil Science of America, Madison, WI), pp. 913–974. (Minerals)Google Scholar
Edmonds, J. M., Henslee, W. W., and Guerra, R. E. (1977). “Particle Size Effects in the Determination of Respirable α-Quartz by X-ray Diffraction,” Anal. Chem. 49, 2196–2203.(Particles)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, G. H. (1965). “Comparison of X-ray Diffraction, Chemical (Phosphoric Acid), and Dispersion Staining Methods for the Determination of Quartz in Dust,” Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 26, 532–536.(Evaluation)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elton, N. J., Salt, P. D., and Adams, J. M. (1992). “The Determination of Low Levels of Quartz in Commercial Kaolins by X-ray Diffraction,” Powder Diffr. 7,(in press) (Bulk Anal.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emig, J. A., and Smith, D. K. (1989). “The Detection and Quantification of Low Concentrations of Quartz in Dolostone by X-ray Powder Diffraction,” Powder Diffr. 4, 209–213.(Bulk Anal.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fluerence, A. M., Loisel, M., and Pusset, M. (1969). “Quantitative Analysis of Raw Materials and Ceramic Products by X-ray Diffraction,” Ind. Ceram. 616, 183. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Foster, R. D., and Walker, R. F. (1984). “Quantitative Determination of Crystalline Silica in Respirable Size Dust Samples by Infrared and Spectrophotometry,” Analyst, London 109, 1117–1128. (Filter)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedman, R. W., Toma, S. Z., and Lang, H. W. (1974). “On-Filter Analysis of Quartz in Respirable Coal Dust by Infrared Absorption and X-ray Diffraction,” Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 35, 411–418.(Filter)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frevel, L. K., and Roth, W. C. (1982). “Semimicro Assay of Crystalline Phases by X-ray Powder Diffractometry,” Anal. Chem. 54, 677–682.(Filter)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
C. Frondel, (1962). “Dana's System of Mineralogy, 7th Ed. Vol. III. Silica Minerals,” J. (Wiley, New York) (Minerals)Google Scholar
Garbauskas, M. F., and Goehner, R. P. (1982). “Complete Quantitative Analysis Using Both X-ray Fluorescence and X-ray Diffraction,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 25, 283–288.(Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Gephardt, R. F. (1975). “Respirable Dust Regulations and Measurement,” Portland Cement Association Meeting, Tuscon, AZ. (Review)Google Scholar
Goehner, R. (1982). “X-ray Diffraction Quantitative Analysis Using Intensity Ratios and External Standards,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 25, 309–313.(Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Gordon, R. L., and Harris, G. W. (1956). “Effect of Particle Size on the Determination of Quartz by X-ray Diffraction,” Nature 175, 1135–1137. (Particle)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, R. D., and Peletis, N. G. (1991). “The Determination of Quartz in Perlite by X-ray Diffraction,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 33, 493–498.(Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Hamilton, R. D., Peletis, N. G., and Miles, W. J. (1990). “Detection and Measurement of Crystalline Silica in Minerals and Chemicals,” in Regulation of Crystalline Silica, Washington, DC. (Manville Corporation, Denver, CO). (Evaluation)Google Scholar
Henslee, W. W., and Guerra, R. E. (1977). “Direct Quantitative Determination of Silica by X-ray Diffraction on PVC Membrane Filters,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 20, 139–152.(Filter)Google Scholar
Hill, R. J., and Howard, C. J. (1987). “Quantitative Phase Analysis From Neutron Powder Diffraction Data Using the Rietveld Method,” J. Appl. Crystallogr. 20, 467–474.(Bulk Anal.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, S. A., and Snyder, R. L. (1982). “An Evaluation of Some Profile Models and the Optimization Procedures in Profile Fitting,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 26, 73–80.(Theory)Google Scholar
Hubbard, C. R. (1982). “New Standard Reference Materials for X-ray Powder Diffraction,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 26, 45–51.(Calibration)Google Scholar
Hubbard, C. R., Evans, E. H., and Smith, D. K. (1976). “The Reference Intensity Ratio, I/Ic, for Computer Simulated Powder Patterns,” J. Appl. Crystallogr. 9, 169–174.(Theory)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubbard, C. R., Robbins, C. R., and Snyder, R. L. (1983). “XRD Quantitative Analysis Using the NBS*QUANT82 System,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 26, 149–157.(Automation)Google Scholar
Hubbard, C. R., and Smith, D. K.(1977). “Experimental and Calculated Standards for Quantitative Analysis by Powder Diffraction,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 20, 27–39.(Theory)Google Scholar
Hubbard, C. R., and Snyder, R. L. (1988). “Reference Intensity Ratios - Measurement and Use in Quantitative XRD,” Powder Diffr. 3, 74–78.(Theory)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchison, C. S. (1974). Laboratory Handbook of Petrographic Techniques (Wiley, New York), (Sample Prep.)Google Scholar
Janko, M.McCrae, R. E., O’Donnell, J. F., and Austria, R. J. (1989). “Occupational Exposure and Analysis of Microcrystalline Cristobalite in Mullite,” Am. Hyg. Assoc. J. 50, 460–465.(Filter)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenkins, R., Fawcett, T. G., Smith, D. K., Visser, J. W., Morris, M. C., and Frevel, L. K. (1986). “JCPDS—International Centre for Diffraction Data Sample Preparation Methods in X-ray Powder Diffraction,” Powder Diffr. 1, 51–63.(Sample Prep.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, R., and Snyder, R. L. (1996). Introduction to X-ray Powder Diffractometry (Wiley-Interscience, NY), pp. 403. (Theory)Google Scholar
Jephcott, C. M., and Wall, H. F. W. (1955). “Determination of Quartz of Various Particle Sizes in Quartz-Silicate Mixtures,” AMA Arch. Ind. Health 11, 425–430. (Particles)Google Scholar
Johnson, L. R., and Davis, B. L. (1982). “X-ray Diffraction Quantitative Analysis using the Reference Intensity Method,” Norelco Reporter 29, 28–34. (Sample Prep)Google Scholar
Jones, J. B., Sanders, J. V., and Segnit, E. R. (1964). “Structure of Opal,” Nature 204, 990–991. (Minerals)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, B., O’Connor, B. H., and Deyu, L. (1990). “Use of Rietveld Pattern Fitting to Determine the Weight Fraction of Crystalline Material in Natural Low Quartz Specimens,” Powder Diffr. 5, 64–69.(Amorphous)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kacsmar, P. M., and Tomb, T. F. (1984). “Comparison of Alpha Quartz Materials Used as Calibration Standards,” Coal Mines Dust Conference, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, pp. 144–149. (Calibration)Google Scholar
Kamarchik, P., Jr. (1980). “Quantitative Crystalline Pigment Analysis by X-ray Diffraction,” J. Coatings Technol. 52, 79–82. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Karlak, R. F., and Burnett, D. S. (1966). “Quantitative Phase Analysis by X-ray Diffraction,” Anal. Chem. 38, 1741–1745.(Theory)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klug, H. P., Alexander, L. E., and Kammer, E. (1948). “X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Crystalline Dusts,” J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 30, 166–171. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Klug, H. P., and Alexander, L. E. (1974). X-ray Diffraction Procedures, 2nd. ed. (Wiley, New York). (Theory)Google Scholar
Knight, G. (1971). “Determination of Respirable Quartz in Mine Air Using Personnel Samplers and X-ray Diffraction,” Proceedings of the 18th Spectroscopy Symposium and Exposition, Spectroscopic Society of Canada, pp. 86–92. (Filter)Google Scholar
Knight, G. (1972). “X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Quartz in Respirable Dust, Brief Description and Procedure,” in Proceedings Roundtable Discussion, Analytical Techniques for Quartz, J. V. Crable, Ed., Amer. Conf. Govt. Ind. Hyg., Cincinnati, OH. Pp30–38. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Knight, G. (1973). “Comments.” in “Proceedings of a Roundtable Discussion on Analytical Techniques for Quartz,” American Conference on Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, p67. (Evaluation)Google Scholar
Knight, G. (1984). “Interlaboratory Crosscheck of Quartz Analysis on Mine Airborne Dust Samples,” Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 45, 655–660.(Evaluation)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, G., Stefanich, W., and Ireland, G. (1972). “Laboratory Calibration of a Technique for Determination of Respirable Quartz in Mine Air,” Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 33, 469–475.(Calibration)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, G., Kowaichuk, R., and Yourt, R. (1974). “Development of a Dust Sampling System for Hardrock Mines Based on Gravimetric Quartz Assessment,” Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 35, 671–680.(Sampling)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, G. (1984). “The Use of an On-line Computer to Control Quantitative XRD Analysis,” in Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Electron Microscopy and X-ray Applications to Environmental and Occupational Analysis (1980), edited by P. A. Russell, Butterworths (pp. 171–185. Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Knight, G. (1986). “CAMPEDS - A Dust Sampling and Assessment System for Use in Hard Rock Mines,” Ann. Occup. Hyg. 30, 139. (Filter)Google Scholar
Knight, G., and Zawadski, W. (1989). “X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Mine Airborne Dust-An Interference Problem at Helmo Gold Mine,” Aina J. 50, 293–297. (Filter)Google Scholar
Kohyama, N. (1985). “A New Diffraction Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Free Silica in Airborne Dust in Working Environments,” Ind. Health 23, 221–234 (Filer).Google Scholar
Kolk, A. L. V. (1975). “Quartz Analysis of Respirable Dust by X-ray Diffraction,” Proceedings of the Symposium on Silica, Ind. Health Found., Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, pp 56–68. (Evaluation).Google Scholar
Kudo, M. (1982). “Determination of Free Silicon Dioxide Content in Deposited Dusts by X-ray Diffraction Method,” Sangyo Igaku 24, 392–393. (Filter)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kupel, R. E., Kinser, R. E., and Mauer, P. A. (1968). “Separation and Analysis of Less Than 10-Micron Fractions of Industrial Dusts,” Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 29,364. (Filter)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kupka, F. (1967). “Quantitative Determination of Cristobalite by X-ray Diffraction Analysis,” Silicaty 11, 56–62. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Lazarov L., and Petrov, K. (1969). “X-ray Determination of Free Silicon Dioxide,” Rudodobiv Mit. 24, 20–22. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Leroux, J. (1969). “Preparation of Thin Dust Layers for X-ray Emission and Diffraction Analysis,” Staub, Reinhalt, Luft 29, (Filter)Google Scholar
Leroux, J., Perault, G., and Davey, A. B. C. (ND). “Particle Size and Its Effect on X-ray Diffraction Precision Analysis of Fine Quartz Layers,” Can. J. Spectrosc. 96, 527–529. (Particles)Google Scholar
Leroux, J., and Powers, C. A. (1969a). “Quantitative analysis of Quartz in Dust on Silver Filter Membrane Filters,” Staub. 29, 197–200. (Filter)Google Scholar
Leroux, J., and Powers, C. A. (1969b). “Direct X-ray Diffraction Quantitative Analysis of Quartz in Industrial Dust Films Deposited on Si Silver Membrane Filters,” Staub-Reinhalt. Luft 26, 26–31. (Filter)Google Scholar
Leroux, J. And Davey, A. B. C. (1976). “Quartz in Airborne Dust,” Proceedings Symposium on Silica, Ind. Health Foundation, Pittsburgh, PA, 69–90. (Filter)Google Scholar
Leroux, J., Davey, A. B. C., and Paillard, A. (1973). “Proposed Standard Methodology for the Evaluation of Silicosis Hazards,” Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 34, 409–417.(Filter)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leroux, J., Davey, A. B. C., and Paillard. A. (1972). “Sampling and Analytical Conditions for the Health Hazard Assessment of Siliceous-Type Dusts,” Staub-Reinhalt. Luft 32, 491. (Filter)Google Scholar
Leroux, J., Lennox, D. H., and Kay, K. (1953). “Direct Quantitative X-ray Analysis by Diffraction Absorption Technique,” Anal. Chem. 25, 740–743.(Filter)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leroux, J., and Varga, I. (1971). “Average Composition of Particulate Pollutants as Disclosed by X-ray Techniques,” Int. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1, 131–140. (Filter)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lippman, M. (1983). “Sampling Aerosols by Filtration,” in Air Sampling Instruments for the Evaluation of Atmospheric Contaminents, 6th. edited by F. Chap, P. J. Lioy, and M. J. Y. Lioy (Americal Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cinninnati, OH). (Filter)Google Scholar
Lorberau, C. D., Carsey, T. P., Fischbach, T. J., and Mulligan, K. J. (ND). “Evaluation of Direct-on-Filter Methods for the Determination of Respirable α-Quartz,” Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. (Filter)Google Scholar
Madsen, I. D., and Hill, R. J. (1988). “QPDA - A User-Friendly, Interactive Program for Quantitative Phase and Crystal Size/Strain Analysis of Powder Diffraction Data,” Powder Diffr. 5, 195–199.(Automation)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malik, O. P., and Viswanathan, P. C. (ND). “Measurement of Respirable Airborne Silica by X-ray Diffraction: An Aid to Evaluating the Potential Silicosis Hazard in the Workplace.” Science and Industry, 34–37. (Automation)Google Scholar
Mark, D. (1971). “Problems Associated with the Use of Membrane Filters for Dust Sampling when Compositional Analysis is Required,” Ann. Occup. Hyg. 17, 35–40. (Evaluation)Google Scholar
Martinez-Fidalgo, M., Gonzalez-Feramdez, A., and Menendez-Guiterez, R. A. (1985). “Technical Prevention of Dust in Coal Mines. Monitoring of Silica,” Med. Segur. Trab. 31, 9–12. (Evaluation)Google Scholar
McGlynn, J. (1968). “A review of Physical and Chemical Methods for the Determination of Quartz.” Proceedings of the First Australian Pneumoconiosis Conference, Joint Coal Board, Sydney, 529–541. (Evaluation)Google Scholar
Miles, W. J. (1994). “Crystalline Silica Analysis of Wyoming Bentonite By X-ray Diffraction after Phosphoric Acid Digestion,” Anal. Chim. Acta 286, 97–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miola, W., and Ramani, R. V. (1991). “Quartz Analysis in Bulk Samples: Sample Preparation Procedure.” Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Management for the 1990’s, Lootens, D. J., Greenslade, W. M. and Barker, J. M., Eds., SME Annual Meeting, Denver, CO. (Bulk Sample)Google Scholar
Nagelschmidt, G. (1956). “Interlaboratory Trials on the Determination of Quartz Dusts of Respirable Size,” Analyst (London) 81, 210–219. (Evaluation)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagelschmidt, G., Gordon, R. L., and Griffin, O. G. (1952). “Surface of Finely-Grained Silica,” Nature (London) 169, 539–540.(Amorphous)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, T., Sameshima, K., Okunaga, K., Susuva, Y., and Sato, J. (1989). “Determination of Amorphous Phase in Quartz Powder by X-ray Powder Diffractometry,” Powder Diffr. 4, 9–13.(Amorphous)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nenadic, C. M., and Crable, J. V. (1971). “Application of X-ray Diffraction to Analytical Problems of Occupational Health,” Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 32,529. (Toxicology)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Connor, B. H., and Rowan, M. D. (1988). “Application of the Rietveld Refinement Procedure in Assaying Powdered Mixtures,” Powder Diffr. 3, 2–6.(Bulk Anal.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Connor, B. H., and Joklevic, J. M. (1981). “Characterization of Ambient Aerosol Particulate Samples from the St. Louis Area by X-ray Powder Diffractometry,” Atmos. Environ. 15, 1681–1690.(Filter)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Connor, B. H., and Chang, W.-J. (1986). “The Amorphous Character and Particle Size Distributions of Powders Produced with the Micronizing Mill for Quantitative X-ray Powder Diffractometry,” X-Ray Spectrom. 15, 267–270.(Amorphous)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orberg, M. (1968). “Evaluation of Quartz in Airborne Dust in the 0.5 to 2-micron Size Range,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 10,795. (Filter)Google Scholar
Ostrovsky, I. A. (1967). “Some Sources of Error in Phase-Equilibrium at Superhigh Pressure. Phase Diagram for Silica,” J. Geol. 5, 321–328. (Minerals)Google Scholar
Pawloski, G. A. (1985). “Quantitative Determination of Mineral Content of Geological Samples by X-ray Diffraction,” Am. Mineral. 70, 663–667.(Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
PDF (1991). “Powder Diffraction File,” International Center for Diffraction Data, Swarthmore, PA. (Minerals)Google Scholar
Pickard, K. J., Walker, R. F., and West, N. A. (1985). “A Comparison of X-ray Diffraction and Infra-red Spectrophotometric Methods for the Analysis of α-Quartz in Airborne Dusts,” Ann. Occup. Hyg. 29, 149–167. (Evaluation)Google Scholar
Plowman, C. (1978). “Determination of Minimum Detectable Amounts of Atmospheric particulates by X-ray Diffractometry,” Analyst, London 103, 982–985. (Filter)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollack, S. S. (1975). “X-ray Diffraction from Micrograms of Quartz on Filters Using a Rotating Anode,” Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 73–75.(Filter)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Popovic, S., and Grzeta, B. (1989). “Dilution and Addition Methods in Quantitative Diffraction Phase Analysis,” in X-ray Neutron Structure Analysis in Materials Science, in Proc. Int. Conf. Adv. Methods: X-ray Neutron Struct. Anal. Of Mater., edited by J. Hasek (Plenum, New York), pp. 29–41. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Raab, G. A. (1988). “Semiquantitative Analysis by X-ray Powder Diffraction (SQXRD) of the <2 mm to 0.002 mm and <0.002 mm factors of Soil,” Powder Diffr. 3, 144–152.(Automation)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renault, J. (1987). “Quantitative Phase Analysis by Linear Regression of Chemistry on X-ray Diffraction Intensity,” Powder Diffr. 2, 96–98.(Theory)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rietveld, H. M. (1969). “A Profile Refinement Method for Nuclear and Magnetic Structures,” J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2, 65–71.(Theory)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ripanucci, G. (1983). “Evaluation of the Matrix Effect in X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Powders. (Applications in the Determination of Free Crystalline Silica),” Rev. Infort. Mal. Prof. 70, 289–304. (Filter)Google Scholar
Rius, J., Plana, F., and Palanques, A. (1987). “A Standerdless X-ray Diffraction Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Multiphase Mixtures,” J. Appl. Crystallogr. 20, 457–460.(Theory)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samimi, B. (1973). “Silica Dust in Sand Blasting Operations,” Ph.D. thesis, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA. (Filter)Google Scholar
Schliephake, R. W. (1956). “X-ray Determination of Quartz in Mine Dusts,” Bergbau Arch. 19, 1–2. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Schliephake, R. W. (1961). “Present Development of a Quantitative X-ray Crystallographic Method for Determining Quartz in Coal Mine Dusts. I,” Staub 21, 1–5. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Schliephake, R. W. (1962). “Present Development of a Quantitative X-ray Crystallographic Method for Determining Quartz in Coal Mine Dusts. II,” Staub 22, 364–372. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Schliephake, R. W. (1963). “Verfahrung zur routinemaessigen Roentgenographischen Quarzbestimmung in Grubenstaeuben des Steinkahlenberghus.” (Procedure for the Routine X-ray Determination of Quartz in Mine Dusts from Bitumenous Coal Mines.) Glueckauf 99, 79–83. (Filter)Google Scholar
Schliephake, R. W. (1967). “Direct Determination of the Mass Absorption Coefficient for X-ray Phase Analysis,” Neues. Jahrb. Mineral. Abh. 103, 192–203. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Schliephake, R. W. (1970). “X-ray Phase Analysis with Electronic Data Processing,” Neues. Jahrb. Mineral. Abh. 112, 302–319. (Automation)Google Scholar
Schliephake, R. W. (1971). “Sample Holder for X-ray Diffraction Surveys of Very Thin Powder Samples,” Neues. Jahrb. Mineral. Monatsch. 1, 24–26. (Sample Prep.)Google Scholar
Schliephake, R. W. (1971). Ergbn. Unters. Geb. Staub-u. Silikosebekampf Steinkohlenbergau 8, 77. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Schmelzer, L. L. (1951). “A Rapid X-ray Diffraction Method for the Determination of Quartz in Industrial Dusts,” A. M. A. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 3, 121–128. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Schmelzer, L. L. (1955). “The Origin of Industrial Dusts - An X-ray Method for Determining,” Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. Q. 16, 68–72. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Schreiner, W. N. (1990). “0.01% Silica Detection,” Quantitative Analysis Workshop, Denver X-ray Conference, July 31. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Schriener, W. N., and Jenkins, R. (1982). “Profile Fitting for Quantitative Analysis in X-ray Powder Diffraction,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 26, 141–147.(Theory)Google Scholar
Smith, D. K. (1992). “Advances in Qualitative and Quantitative XRD Analysis by Whole-Pattern Methods,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 35, 1–14.(Theory)Google Scholar
Smith, D. K., and Gorter, S. (1991). “Powder Diffraction Program Information 1990 Program List,” J. Appl. Crystallogr. 24, 369–402.(Automation)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, D. K., and Barrett, C. S. (1979). “Special Handling Problems in X-ray Diffractometry,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 22, 1–12.(Sample Prep.)Google Scholar
Smith, D. K., Nichols, M. C., and Zolensky, M. E. (1982). “POWD10, A FORTRAN IV Program for Calculating X-ray Powder Diffraction Patterns - Version 10,” The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA., pp.103. (Theory)Google Scholar
Smith, D. K., Johnson, G. G. Jrand Ruud, C. O. (1986). “Clay Mineral Analysis by Automated Powder Diffraction Analysis Using the Whole Diffraction Pattern,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 29, 217–224.(Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Smith, D. K., Johnson, G. G. Jr., Scheible, A., Wims, A. M., Johnson, J. L., and Ullmann, G. (1987). “Quantitative X-ray Powder Diffraction Method using the Full Diffraction Pattern,” Powder Diffr. 2, 73–77.(Bulk Anal.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, D. K., Johnson, G. G. Jr., and Wims, A. W. (1988). “Use of Full Diffraction Pattern Spectra, Both Experimental and Calculated, in Quantitative Powder Diffraction Analysis,” Aust. J. Phys. 41, 311–321.(Theory)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, D. K., Johnson, G. G. Jr., Kelton, M. J., and Anderson, C. A. (1989). “Chemical Constraints in Quantitative X-ray Powder Diffraction for Mineral Analysis of Sand-Silt Fraction of Sedimentary Rocks,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 32, 489–496.(Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Smith, D. K., Sterner, S. M., Kerrick, D. M., and Meddaugh, W. S. (1984). “Multiphase Quantitative Analysis of Colorado Oil Shales Involving Overlap of the Diffraction Peaks,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 27, 355–362.(Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Smith, S. T., and Snyder, R. L. (1979a). “Minimization of Preferred Orientation in Powder by Spray Drying,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 22, 77–88.(Sample Prep.)Google Scholar
Smith, S. T., and Snyder, R. L. (1979b). “Quantitative Phase Analysis of Devonian Shales by Computer-Controlled X-ray Diffraction of Spray-Dried Samples,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 22, 181–191.(Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Snyder, R. L. (1991). “The Use of Reference Intensity Ratios in Quantitative Analysis,” Conference on Applied Crystallography, Prague, August 1990, Czechoslovakia Academy of Sciences. (Theory)Google Scholar
Snyder, R. L., and Bish. D. L. (1989). “Quantitative Analysis,” in “Modern Powder Diffraction,” edited by L. Bish and J. E. Post, Mineralogical Society of America, Short Course Notes 20, p101–144. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Snyder, R. L., Hubbard, C. R., and Panagiotopolous, N. C. (1981). “AUTO: A Real Time Diffractometer Control System.” NBSIR 81-2229, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. (Automation)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, R. L., Hubbard, C. R., and Panagiotopolous, N. C. (1982). “A second Generation Automated Powder Diffraction Control System,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 25, 245–260.(Automation)Google Scholar
Snyder, R. L., and Hubbard, C. R. (1984). “NBS*QUANT84: A System for Quantitative Analysis by Automated X-ray Powder Diffraction,” NBS Special Publication. (Automation)Google Scholar
Sosman, R. B. (1955). “New and Old Phases of Silica,” Trans. Brit. Ceram. Soc. 54, 655–670. (Minerals)Google Scholar
SRM-1878 (1983). “Respirable Quartz,” National Institute for Standards and Technology, Office of Standard Reference Data, Certificate Analysis. (Calibration)Google Scholar
SRM-1879 (1983). “Respirable Cristobalite,” National Institute for Standards and Technology, Office of Standard Reference Data, Certificate of Analysis. (Calibration)Google Scholar
Stefanov, D. D. (1972). “Quantitative X-ray Phase Analysis of Quartz and Cristobalite,” Mineral. Petrog. Mitt. 21, 49–62. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Stevanov, D., and Dobreva, M. (1972). Trans. Sci. Res. Inst. Prot. Lab., Ind. Div. Sof. 23, 190. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Swallow, G. L. (1978). Annual AIHA Meeting, Los Angeles, 1978, and AIHA Accreditation News & Notes, Aug. 1978, American Hygiene Assoc., Akron, OH. (Evaluation)Google Scholar
Swallow, G. L. (1980). Laboratory Directors’ Meeting, Houston, 1980, and AIHA Accreditation News & Notes, Aug. 1980, American Hygiene Assoc., Akron, OH. (Evaluation)Google Scholar
Talvitie, N. A., and Brewer, L. W. (1962). “X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Industrial Dust,” Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 23, 214–221.(Filter)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, M. (1978). “Methods for the Quantitative Determination of Asbestos and Quartz in Bulk Samples Using X-ray Diffraction,” Analyst. London 103, 1009–1020. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Taylor, J. C. (1991). “Computer Programs for Standardless Quantitative Analysis of Minerals Using the Pull Powder Diffraction Profile,” Powder Diffr. 6, 2–9.(Automation)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tossavainen, A. (1979). “Determination of Quartz on Membrane Filters by X-ray Diffraction,” Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 5, 379–385. (Filter)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trostel, L. L., and Wynne, D. L. (1940). “Determination of Quartz (Free Silica) in Refractory Clays,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 23, 18–22.(Bulk Anal.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Visser, J. W., and de Wolff, P. M. (1964). “Absolute Intensities,” Rep. 641.109, Technische Physische Dienst, Delft, Netherlands. Reprinted Powder Diffr. 3, 202–204. (Theory)Google Scholar
Volborth, A. (1963). “Total Instrumental Analysis of Rocks,” Rep. 5, Nevada Bureau of Mines, pp85. (Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Waersted, K. R. (1986). “Quantitative X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Calcium Sulfates and Quartz in Wet-Process Phosphoric Acid Filter Cakes,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 29, 211–216.(Bulk Anal.)Google Scholar
Wang, H. (1988). “A Method for Quantitative X-ray Phase Analysis Without Standards,” Powder Diffr. 3, 165–167.(Theory)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, S., and Pu, X. (1991). “General Expression of Quantitative Phase Analysis for Samples Containing Amorphous Phase,” Powder Diffr. 6, 62–65.(Theory)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warner, P. O., Saad, L., and Jackson, J. O. (1972). “Identification and Quantification Analysis of Particulate Air Contaminants by X-ray Diffraction Spectrometry,” J. Air Pollut. Cont. Assn. 22, 887–890. (Bulk Anal.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, P.-E., Salome, S., Malmros, G., and Thomas, J. D. (1979). “Quantitative Analysis of Multicomponent Powders by Full-Profile Refinement of Guinier-Hagg X-ray Film Data,” J. Appl. Crystallogr. 12, 107–109.(Bulk Anal.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiles, D. R., and Young, R. A. (1981). “A New Computer Program for Rietveld Analysis of X-ray Powder Diffraction Patterns,” J. Appl. Crystallogr. XX, 149–151.(Automation)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, P. P. (1959). “Direct Quantitative Diffractometric Analysis,” Anal. Chem. 31, 1842–1844.(Bulk Anal.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Wolff, P. M. (1958). “Particle Statistics in X-ray Diffractometry,” Appl. Sci. Res., Sect. B 7, 102–112.(Theory)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
deWolff, P. M., Taylor, J. M., and Parrish, W. (1959). “Experimental Study of Effect of Crystallite Size Statistics on X-ray Diffractometer Intensities,” J. Appl. Phys. 30, 63–69.(Theory)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, E., Yeko, J., Engler, P., and Gerron, R. A. (1983). “SCRIP - FORTRAN IV Software for Quantitative XRD.”Adv. X-Ray Anal. 26, 157–162.(Automation)Google Scholar
Wright, G. W. (1978). “The Pulmanory Effects of Inhaled Inorganic Dust,” in Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, edited by C. D. Clayton and F. E. Clayton (Wiley Interscience, New York) Chap. 7. (Toxicology)Google Scholar
Zevin, L. (1977). “A Method of Quantitative Phase Analysis without Standards,” J. Appl. Crystallogr. 10, 147–150.(Theory)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zevin, L., and Zevin, S. (1989). “Standardless Quantitative X-ray Phase Analysis - Estimation of Precision,” Powder Diffr. 4, 196–200.(Theory)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zevin, L. S., and Kimmel, G. (1995). Quantitative X-ray Diffractometry (Springer-Verlag, New York), pp. 372. (Theory)Google Scholar
Zenker, F. A. (1867). “Uber Staubinhalationkrankhieten der Lungen” (Diseases of the Lung Due to Excessive Inhalation of Dust.), Deut. Arch. Klin. Med. 2, 116. (Toxicology)Google Scholar