Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T23:57:12.258Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Politics and the life sciences: An unfinished revolution

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 January 2016

Gary R. Johnson
Gary R. Johnson*
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, Lake Superior State University, 650 W. Easterday Avenue, Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783. [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Politics and the life sciences—also referred to as biopolitics—is a field of study that seeks to advance knowledge of politics and promote better policymaking through multidisciplinary analysis that draws on the life sciences. While the intellectual origins of the field may be traced at least into the 1960s, a broadly organized movement appeared only with the founding of the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences (APLS) in 1980 and the establishment of its journal, Politics and the Life Sciences (PLS), in 1982. This essay—contributed by a past journal editor and association executive director—concludes a celebration of the association's thirtieth anniversary. It reviews the founding of the field and the association, as well as the contributions of the founders. It also discusses the nature of the empirical work that will advance the field, makes recommendations regarding the identity and future of the association, and assesses the status of the revolution of which the association is a part. It argues that there is progress to celebrate, but that this revolution—the last of three great scientific revolutions—is still in its early stages. The revolution is well-started, but remains unfinished.

Keywords

Politics and the life sciencesbiopoliticsAssociation for Politics and the Life Sciences (APLS)American Political Science Association (APSA)
Type
Perspective
Information
Politics and the Life Sciences , Volume 30 , Issue 2 , Fall 2011 , pp. 43 - 64
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Politics and the Life Sciences 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Stewart, Patrick A. and Bucy, Erik P., “Founders' forum: Introduction,” Politics and the Life Sciences 2011, 30 (1):50–51.Google Scholar
2. Johnson, Gary R., “Kin selection, socialization, and patriotism: An integrating theory” [with commentaries and author response], Politics and the Life Science, 1986, 4(2): 127–154.Google Scholar
3. Johnson, Gary R., “Politics and the Life Sciences: A journal, a mission, a vision,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1992, 11(1): 3–4.Google Scholar
4. Johnson, Gary R., “Politics and the Life Sciences: A second decade and a continuing mission,” Politics and the Life Sciences 2001, 20(2): 109–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Johnson, Gary R., “Thomas C. Wiegele: Founding father,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1992, 11(1): 93–94.Google Scholar
6. Caldwell, Lynton K., “Tom Wiegele: Preeminent founder,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1992, 11(1): 95–96.Google Scholar
7. Wahlke, John C., “Tom Wiegele: Man of many gifts,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1992, 11(1): 97.Google Scholar
8. Wiegele, Thomas C., “Toward a psychophysiological variable in conflict theory,” Experimental Study of Politics 1971, 1(2): 51–81.Google Scholar
9. Wiegele, Thomas C., “Decision-making in an international crisis: Some biological factors,” International Studies Quarterly 1973, 17(3): 295–335.Google Scholar
10. “Thomas C. Wiegele: Books, monographs, and articles,” Politics and the Life Sciences, 1992, 11(1): 97–98.Google Scholar
11. Wiegele, Thomas C., Biopolitics: Search for a More Human Political Science (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1979).Google Scholar
12. Blank, Robert H. and Hines, Samuel M. Jr., Biology and Political Science (New York: Routledge, 2001).Google Scholar
13. Wiegele, Thomas C., “Editor's introduction,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1982, 1(1): 3–4.Google Scholar
14. Wiegele, Thomas C., “A note from the editor,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1991, 10(1): 3–4.Google Scholar
15. Barner-Barry, Carol, “Tom Wiegele: A class act,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1992, 11(1): 94–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16. Fletcher, Amy L., “Back to the future: Reflecting on the legacies of Lynton K. Caldwell, Robert H. Blank, and Andrea Bonnicksen,” Politics and the Life Sciences 2011, 30(1): 65–70.Google Scholar
17. Caldwell, Lynton K., “Biopolitics: Science, ethics, and public policy,” Yale Review 1964, 54(1): 1–16.Google Scholar
18. Caldwell, Lynton K., In Defense of Earth: International Protection of the Biosphere (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1972).Google Scholar
19. Caldwell, Lynton K., Biocracy: Public Policy and the Life Sciences (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987).Google Scholar
20. Caldwell, Lynton K., “Is humanity destined to self-destruct?” Politics and the Life Sciences 1999, 18(1): 3–14. [Follow-up symposium in Politics and the Life Sciences, 18(2): 201–283.] Google Scholar
21. Somit, Albert, “What hath biopolitics wrought?” Politics and the Life Sciences 2011, 30(1): 95–97.Google Scholar
22. Somit, Albert, “Toward a more biologically-oriented political science: Ethology and psychopharmacology,” Midwest Journal of Political Science 1968, 12(4): 550–567.Google Scholar
23. Somit, Albert, ed., Biology and Politics (The Hague: Mouton, 1976).Google Scholar
24. Peterson, Steven A., “A founder's reflections,” Politics and the Life Sciences 2011, 30(1): 91–94.Google Scholar
25. Somit, Albert and Peterson, Steven A., Darwinism, Dominance, and Democracy: The Biological Basis of Authoritarianism (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997).Google Scholar
26. Masters, Roger D., “Genes, language, and evolution,” Semiotica 1970, 2(4): 295–320.Google Scholar
27. Masters, Roger D., “Politics as a biological phenomenon,” Social Science Information 1975 14(2): 7–63.Google Scholar
28. Masters, Roger D., “Evolutionary biology and political theory,” American Political Science Review 1990, 84(1): 195–210.Google Scholar
29. Masters, Roger D. and McGuire, Michael T., eds., The Neurotransmitter Revolution: Serotonin, Social Behavior, and the Law (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1994).Google Scholar
30. Masters, Roger D., “Linking ethology and political science: Photographs, political attention, and presidential elections,” in Biopolitics: Ethological and Physiological Approaches, Watts, Meredith W., ed. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1981), pp. 61–80.Google Scholar
31. Sullivan, Denis G. and Masters, Roger D., “‘Happy warriors’: Leaders' facial displays, viewers' emotions, and political support,” American Journal of Political Science 1988, 32(2): 345–368.Google Scholar
32. Masters, Roger D., Hone, Brian, and Doshi, Anil, “Environmental pollution, neurotoxicity, and criminal violence,” in Environmental Toxicology: Current Developments, Rose, J., ed., (Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach, 1998), pp. 11–46.Google Scholar
33. Masters, Roger D., The Nature of Politics (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989).Google Scholar
34. Corning, Peter A., “The biological bases of behavior and some implications for political science,” World Politics 1971, 23(3): 321–370.Google Scholar
35. Corning, Peter A., “The synergism hypothesis: Thirty years later,” Politics and the Life Sciences 2011, 30(1): 61–64.Google Scholar
36. Corning, Peter A., The Synergism Hypothesis: A Theory of Progressive Evolution (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983).Google Scholar
37. Corning, Peter, Nature's Magic: Synergy in Evolution and the Fate of Humankind (Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
38. Corning, Peter A., Holistic Darwinism: Synergy, Cybernetics, and the Bioeconomics of Evolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).Google Scholar
39. Wahlke, John C. and Lodge, Milton G., “Psychophysiological measures of political attitudes and behavior,” Midwest Journal of Political Science 1972, 16(4): 505–537.Google Scholar
40. Madsen, Douglas and Wahlke, John C., eds., The Biology of Politics (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1982).Google Scholar
41. Wahlke, John C. and Madsen, Douglas, eds., The Biobehavioral Study of Politics (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1982).Google Scholar
42. Wahlke, John C., “Pre-behavioralism in political science,” American Political Science Review 1979, 73(1): 9–31.Google Scholar
43. Schubert, Glendon, “Biopolitical behavior: The nature of the political animal,” Polity 1973, 6(2): 240–275.Google Scholar
44. Schubert, Glendon, “Politics as a life science: How and why the impact of modern biology will revolutionize the study of political behavior,” in Biology and Poltics, Somit, Albert, ed. (The Hague: Mouton, 1976), pp.155–95.Google Scholar
45. Schubert, Glendon, Evolutionary Politics (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1989).Google Scholar
46. Wohlers, Anton E., “Jim Schubert: Sui generis in life and as a scholar of biopolitics,” Politics and the Life Sciences 2011, 30(1): 103–106.Google Scholar
47. Orbell, John M. and Shay, Roshani Cari, “Toward a theory of revolution: The legacy of James C. Davies in historical perspective,” Politics and the Life Sciences 2011, 30 (1): 85–90.Google Scholar
48. Davies, James C., “Toward a theory of revolution,” American Sociological Review 1962, 27(1): 5–19.Google Scholar
49. Davies, James C., Human Nature in Politics: The Dynamics of Political Behavior (New York: John Wiley, 1963).Google Scholar
50. Davies, James Chowning, “Ions of emotion and poltical behavior: A prototheory,” in Biology and Politcs: Recent Explorations, Somit, Albert, ed. (The Hague: Mouton, 1976), pp. 97–125.Google Scholar
51. Davies, James Chowning, “Human Nature, Views of,” Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict, Volume 2, Kurtz, Lester, ed. (San Diego: Academic Press, 1999), pp. 153–165.Google Scholar
52. White, Elliott, “Genetic diversity and political life,” Journal of Politics 1972, 34(4):1203–1242.Google Scholar
53. White, Elliott, The End of the Empty Organism: Neurobiology and the Sciences of Human Action (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1992).Google Scholar
54. White, Elliott, Genes, Brains, and Politics: Self-Selection and Social Life (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993).Google Scholar
55. White, Elliott, “Reflections: An impish perspective reprised,” Politics and the Life Sciences 2011, 30(1): 98–102.Google Scholar
56. White, Elliott, ed., Sociobiology and Human Politics (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1981).Google Scholar
57. Somit, Albert, Arwine, Alan, and Peterson, Steven A., Birth Order and Political Behavior (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1996).Google Scholar
58. Somit, Albert and Peterson, Steven A., The Failure of Democratic Nation Building: Ideology Meets Evolution (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).Google Scholar
59. Somit, Albert and Peterson, Steven A., “Rational choice and biopolitics: A (Darwinian) tale of two theories,” PS: Political Science and Politics 1999, 32(1):39–44.Google Scholar
60. Hines, Samuel M. Jr., “Politics and the evolution of inquiry in political science” [with commentaries and response], Politics and the Life Sciences, 1982, 1(1): 5–37.Google Scholar
61. White, Elliott and Losco, Joseph, eds., Biology and Bureaucracy: Public Administration and Public Policy from the Perspective of Evolutionary, Genetic and Neurobiological Theory (Landam, MD: University Press of America, 1986).Google Scholar
62. Somit, Albert and Losco, Joseph, eds., Human Nature and Politics (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1995).Google Scholar
63. Losco, Joseph and Baird, Donna Day, “The impact of sociobiology on political science,” in The Biobehavioral Study of Politics, Wahlke, John C. and Madsen, Douglas, eds. (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1982), pp. 335–360.Google Scholar
64. Losco, Joseph, “From outrage to orthodoxy? Sociobiology and political science at 35,” Politics and the Life Sciences 2011, 30(1): 80–84.Google Scholar
65. Arnhart, Larry, Darwinian Natural Right: The Biological Ethics of Human Nature (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1998).Google Scholar
66. Arnhart, Larry, Darwinian Conservatism (Charlottesville, VA: Imprint Academic, 2005).Google Scholar
67. Arnhart, Larry, “Aristotle's biopolitics: A defense of biological teleology against biological nihilism” [with commentaries and response], Politics and the Life Sciences, 1988, 6(2): 173–229.Google Scholar
68. Arnhart, Larry, “Feminism, primatology, and ethical naturalism,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1992, 11(2): 157–178.Google Scholar
69. Arnhart, Larry, “Biopolitical science,” Politics and the Life Sciences 2010, 29(1): 24–47.Google Scholar
70. Blank, Robert H., “Tom Wiegele: Dedicated promoter of biopolitics,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1992, 11 (1):95.Google Scholar
71. Blank, Robert H., The Political Implications of Human Genetic Technology (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1981).Google Scholar
72. Blank, Robert H., Redefining Human Life: Reproductive Technologies and Social Policy (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984).Google Scholar
73. Blank, Robert H., Rationing Medicine (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988).Google Scholar
74. Blank, Robert H., Regulating Reproduction (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990).Google Scholar
75. Blank, Robert H., “Biopolicy: A restatement of its role in politics and the life sciences” [with commentaries], Politics and the Life Sciences, 1982 1(1): 38–51.Google Scholar
76. Blank, Robert H., “Biopolicy after three decades,” Politics and the Life Sciences 2011, 30(1): 52–55.Google Scholar
77. Zilinskas, Raymond A., “New biotechnology: Potential problems, likely promises” [with commentaries and response], Politics and the Life Sciences, 1983, 2(1): 42–75.Google Scholar
78. Zilinskas, Raymond A. and Zimmerman, Burke K., eds., The Gene-Splicing Wars: Reflections on the Recombinant DNA Controversy (New York: MacMillan, 1986).Google Scholar
79. Zilinskas, Raymond A., ed., Biological Warfare: Modern Offense and Defense (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999).Google Scholar
80. Zilinskas, Raymond A., (ed.), “Symposium of United Nations biological weapons inspectors: Implications of the Iraqi experience for biological arms control,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1995, 14(2): 229–262.Google Scholar
81. Brandon, William P., “Building strong research associations: Interdisciplinarity, theory-building, and policy in politics and the life sciences and health services research,” Politics and the Life Sciences 2011, 30(1): 56–60.Google Scholar
82. Funke, Odelia, “U.S. chemical program: Purpose, challenges, and evolution,” Politics and the Life Sciences 2001, 20(2):175–187.Google Scholar
83. Funke, Odelia, “The role of biopolitics in environmental security analysis,” Politics and the Life Sciences 2011, 30(1): 71–76.Google Scholar
84. Carmen, Ira H., “The constitution in the laboratory: Recombinant DNA research as ‘free expression,”’ journal of Politics, 1981, 43(3): 737–762.Google Scholar
85. Carmen, Ira H., “Bioconstitutional politics: Toward an interdisciplinary paradigm” [with commentaries and response], Politics and the Life Sciences, 1987, 5(2): 193–219.Google Scholar
86. Carmen, Ira H., Cloning and the Constitution (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986).Google Scholar
87. Carmen, Ira H., Politics in the Laboratory: The Constitution of Human Genomics (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004).Google Scholar
88. Blanchard, Kenneth C. Jr., “The Illinois Biology and Politics Summer Institute: Conference Report,” Politics and the Life Sciences 2009, 28(2): 90–93.Google Scholar
89. Bonnicksen, Andrea L., “Human embryos and genetic testing: A private policy model,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1992, 11(1): 53–62.Google Scholar
90. Bonnicksen, Andrea L., “Creating a clone in ninety days: In search of a cloning policy,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1997, 16(2): 304–308.Google Scholar
91. Bonnicksen, Andrea L., “National and international approaches to human germ-line gene therapy” [with commentaries and response in the succeeding issue], Politics and the Life Sciences, 1994, 13(1): 39–49.Google Scholar
92. Bonnicksen, Andrea L., “Transplanting nuclei between human eggs: Implications for germ-line genetics” [with commentaries and response], Politics and the Life Sciences, 1998, 17(1): 3–38.Google Scholar
93. Bonnicksen, Andrea L., In Vitro Fertilization: Building Policy from Laboratories to Legislatures (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989).Google Scholar
94. Bonnicksen, Andrea L., Crafting a Cloning Policy: From Dolly to Stem Cells (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2002).Google Scholar
95. Bonnicksen, Andrea L., Chimeras, Hybrids, and Interspecies Research: Politics and Policymaking (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2009).Google Scholar
96. Blank, Robert H. and Bonnicksen, Andrea, eds., Medicine Unbound: The Human Body and the Limits of Medical Intervention (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994).Google Scholar
97. Merrick, Janna C., “Selling reproductive rights: Policy issues in surrogate motherhood,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1990, 8(2): 161–172.Google Scholar
98. Blank, Robert H. and Merrick, Janna C., Human Reproduction, Emerging Technologies, and Conflicting Rights (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995).Google Scholar
99. Merrick, Janna C. and Blank, Robert H., Reproductive Issues in America: A Reference Handbook (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2003).Google Scholar
100. Merrick, Janna C. and Blank, Robert H., eds., The Politics of Pregnancy: Policy Dilemmas in the Maternal-Fetal Relationship (New York: Haworth Press, 1993).Google Scholar
101. Schubert, James N., “Ethological methods for observing small group political decision making,” Politics and the Life Sciences [with commentaries and response], 1983, 2(1): 3–41.Google Scholar
102. Schubert, James N., Peterson, Steven A., Schubert, Glendon, and Wasby, Stephen, “Observing Supreme Court oral argument: A biosocial approach,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1992, 11(1): 35–51.Google Scholar
103. Schubert, James N., Curran, Margaret Ann, Strungaru, Carmen, “Physical attractiveness, issue agreement, and assimilation effects in candidate appraisal,” Politics and the Life Sciences, 2011, 30(1): 33–49.Google Scholar
104. Schubert, James N., Wiegele, Thomas C., and Hines, Samuel M., “Age and political behavior in collective decisionmaking,” International Political Science Review 1987, 8(2): 131–146.Google Scholar
105. Schubert, James N., “Age and active-passive leadership style,” American Political Science Review 1988, 82(3): 763–772.Google Scholar
106. Schubert, James N., “Human vocalizations in agonistic political encounters,” Social Science Information 1986, 25(2): 475–492.Google Scholar
107. Schubert, James N., “Verbal, vocal, and visual aspects of political speech: A case study of Clinton's inaugural address,” in Research in Biopolitics, Volume 4, Somit, Albert and Peterson, Steven A., eds. (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1996), pp. 113–137.Google Scholar
108. Schubert, James N., “The role of sex and emotional response in indoctrinability: Experimental evidence on the ‘rally-round-the-flag’ effect,” in Indoctrinability, Warfare, and Ideology: Evolutionary Perspectives, Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus and Salter, Frank Kemp, eds. (Oxford, UK: Berghahn Books, 1998), pp. 241–262.Google Scholar
109. Schubert, James N., Stewart, Patrick A. and Curran, Margaret Ann, “A defining presidential moment: 9/11 and the rally effect,” Political Psychology 2002, 23(3): 559–583.Google Scholar
110. Kort, Fred, “The Alfred empirical biopolitics conference: Prospects for a cohesive frame of reference for inquiry,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1992, 11(1): 103–106.Google Scholar
111. Alford, John R. and Hibbing, John R., “The new empirical biopolitics,” Annual Review of Political Science 2008, 11: 183–203.Google Scholar
112. Alford, John R., Funk, Carolyn L., and Hibbing, John R., “Are political orientations genetically transmitted?” American Political Science Review 2005, 99(2): 153–167.Google Scholar
113. Johnson, Gary R., “Punctuated equilibria, political science, and paleopolitics,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1987, 5(2): 229–233.Google Scholar
114. Shultziner, Doron, Stevens, Thomas, Stevens, Martin, Stewart, Brian, Hannagan, Rebecca J., and Saltini-Semerari, Giulia, “The causes and scope of political egalitarianism during the last glacial: A multi-disciplinary perspective,” Biology and Philosophy 2010, 25(3): 319–346.Google Scholar
115. Johnson, Gary R., “The evolutionary origins of government and politics,” in Human Nature and Politics, Somit, Albert and Losco, Joseph, eds. (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1995), pp. 243–305.Google Scholar
116. Johnson, Gary R., “The evolutionary roots of patriotism,” in Patriotism in the Lives of Individuals and Nations, Bar-Tal, Daniel and Staub, Ervin, eds. (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1997), pp. 45–90.Google Scholar
117. Johnson, Gary R., “The roots of ethnic conflict,” in Evolutionary Theory and Ethnic Conflict, James, Patrick and Goetze, David, eds. (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001), pp. 19–38.Google Scholar
118. Johnson, Gary R., Ratwik, Susan H., and Sawyer, Timothy J., “The evocative significance of kin terms in patriotic speech,” in The Sociobiology of Ethnocentrism: Evolutionary Dimensions of Xenophobia, Discrimination, Racism and Nationalism, Falger, Vincent Reynolds, Vernon, and Vine, Ian, eds. (London: Croom Helm, 1987), pp. 157–174.Google Scholar
119. Goetze, David, “Options for APLS: Identity challenges facing the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences,” presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences,” Bloomington, Indiana, October 15, 2010.Google Scholar
120. Goetze, David, “Identity challenges facing the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences,” Politics and the Life Sciences 2011, 30(1): 77–79.Google Scholar
121. Association for Politics and the Life Sciences, “History of APLS,” http://aplsnet.org, accessed September 5, 2011.Google Scholar
122. Association for Politics and the Life Science, “APLS business meeting,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1982, 2(2): 232.Google Scholar
123. Kitchin, William, Masters, Roger, Schubert, Glendon, “Report of the committee to study affiliations,” Association for Politics and the Life Sciences, 1985, photocopy, 3 pages.Google Scholar
124. Association for Politics and the Life Sciences, “APSA section on politics and the life sciences,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1986, 5(1): 182.Google Scholar
125. Losco, Joseph, “Organized sections and intellectual diversity within APSA,” APLS News 1997, 2(1): 8–9.Google Scholar
126. Losco, Joseph, “Whither intellectual diversity in American political science? The case of APSA and organized sections,” PS: Political Science and Politics 1998, 31(4): 836–846.Google Scholar
127. Johnson, Gary R., “Association for Politics and the Life Sciences: Eighteenth annual meeting, Boston,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1998, 17(2): 209–211.Google Scholar
128. Somit, Albert, “Review article: Biopolitics,” British Journal of Political Science April 1972, 2(2): 209–238.Google Scholar
129. Association for Politics and the Life Sciences, Masthead, Politics and the Life Sciences, 1982, 1(1): 2.Google Scholar
130. Peterson, Steven A., Somit, Albert, and Slagter, Robert, “Biopolitics: 1980–81 Update,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1982, 1(1): 52–57.Google Scholar
131. Caldwell, Lynton, “Report from the public policy committee,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1982, 1(1): 87–88.Google Scholar
132. Daniels, Ken R. and Taylor, Karyn, “Secrecy and openness in donor insemination” [with commentaries and response], Politics and the Life Sciences, 1993, 12(2): 155–203.Google Scholar
133. Blank, Robert H., “Assisted reproduction and reproductive rights: The case of in vitro fertilization,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1997, 16(2): 279–288.Google Scholar
134. Wright, Susan, “Coping with Dolly: Scenes from the National Bioethics Advisory Commission,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1997, 16(2): 299–303.Google Scholar
135. Resnik, David B., “The Human Genome Diversity Project: Ethical problems and solutions” [follow-up commentaries and response in the succeeding issue], Politics and the Life Sciences, 1999, 18(1):15–23.Google Scholar
136. Kenneth Smail, J., “Beyond population stabilization: The case for dramatically reducing global human numbers” [with commentaries and response], Politics and the Life Sciences, 1997, 16(2): 183–230.Google Scholar
137. Wheelis, Mark L., “Strengthening biological weapons control through global epidemiological surveillance” [with commentaries and response], Politics and the Life Sciences, 1992, 11(2): 179–197.Google Scholar
138. Chevrier, Marie Isabelle, “From verification to strengthening compliance: Prospects and challenges of the biological weapons convention,” Politics and the Life Sciences 1995, 14(2): 209–219.Google Scholar
139. Tucker, Jonathan B., “Chemical/biological terrorism: Coping with a new threat” [with commentaries and response], Politics and the Life Sciences, 1996, 15(2): 167–247.Google Scholar
140. Wright, Susan and Falk, Richard, (eds.), “Responding to the challenge of biological warfare: A matter of contending paradigms of thought and action” [symposium], Politics and the Life Sciences, 1999, 18(1): 55–117.Google Scholar
141. American Political Science Association, “APSA policies regarding organized sections,” http://www.apsanet.org/content_4636.cfm, accessed September 5, 2011.Google Scholar
142. American Political Science Association, “Organized section membership counts,” http://www.apsanet.org/sectioncounts.cfm, accessed September 5, 2011.Google Scholar