Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T04:51:42.496Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Paternal-Fetal Conflict: An Examination of Paternal Responsibilities to the Fetus

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2016

Joseph Losco
Affiliation:
Ball State University, USA
Mark Shublak
Affiliation:
Ball State University, USA
Get access

Abstract

Virtually all of the literature regarding liability for fetal health and well-being has concentrated on female behavior. Prosecution of women for “fetal abuse or neglect” has received widespread popular press coverage. Far less attention has been paid to the role of males in contributing to the health and welfare of newborns. This paper redresses this lack of attention by reviewing the ways in which males contribute to newborn health and by examining legal doctrine to determine if the same legal challenges that have been advanced against pregnant women are applicable to males as well. Questions are raised regarding the consequences of prosecuting males for their role in contributing to fetal harm.

Type
Paternal-Fetal Conflict
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Politics and the Life Sciences 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alan Guttmacher Institute (1992). State Reproductive Health Monitor, Volume 3. New York: Guttmacher Institute.Google Scholar
Almond, B. and Ulanowsky, C. (1990). “HIV and Pregnancy.” Hastings Center Report 20(2):1621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (1992). State Legislative Fact Sheet: State Laws on Pregnant Women and Substance Abuse. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.Google Scholar
American Law Institute (1986). Restatement of the Law, Second, Torts 2d. St. Paul, MN: American Law Institute.Google Scholar
Blank, R. (1981). The Political Implications of Human Genetic Technology. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Blank, R. (1986). “Rights and Responsibilities during Gestation.” Journal of Legal Medicine 7:441–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blank, R. (1993). Reproductive Hazards in the Workplace. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Buffum, J.C. (1984). “Sexual and Reproductive Effects of Pharmacologic Agents.” In Swanson, J. and Forrest, K. (eds.), Men's Reproductive Health. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
California v. Stewart (1987). No. M5081997, slip op. (San Diego, CA Mun. Ct. Feb. 26).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control (1993). HIV/AIDS Surveillance: Year End Edition. Atlanta, GA: USDHHS.Google Scholar
Charles, D., Dickson, D., Lewin, R., and Pain, S. (1991). “Why Men Should Also Think of the Baby.” New Scientist 129 (March 2):16.Google Scholar
Chavkin, W. (1990). “Drug Addiction and Pregnancy.” Public Health 80:483–87.Google Scholar
Chudley, A.E. (1985). “Genetic Contributions to Human Malformations.” In Persaud, T.V.N., Chudley, A.E., and Skalko, R.G. (eds.), Basic Concepts in Teratology. New York: A.R. Liss.Google Scholar
Cohen, E.N., Brown, B.W., Bruce, D.L., Cascorbi, H.F., Corbett, T.H., Jones, T.W., and Whitcher, C.E. (1975). “A Survey of Anesthetic Health Hazards among Dentists.” Journal of American Dental Association 90:1291–96.Google Scholar
Cole, H. (1986). “Studying Reproductive Risks: Smoking.” Journal of the American Medical Association 255:2223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coley v. Commonwealth Edison Company (1991). 768 F, Supp. 625 (N.D. III.).Google Scholar
Commonwealth v. Mason (1988). Ct. of Common Pleas, Luzerne Cty, PA; AIDS Lit. Rptr. 1/29.Google Scholar
Commonwealth v. Winkelspecht (1988). 538 A 2d 498 (PA).Google Scholar
Curlender v. Bio-Science Laboratories (1980). 106 Cal. App. 3d 811, 165 Cal. Rptr. 477.Google Scholar
Doe v. Estate of Frank W. Silva (1989). 2d Jud Dist. Ct., Nev. AIDS Lit. Rptr. 1/27.Google Scholar
Erickson, J.D., Mulinare, J., and McClain, P.W. (1984). “Vietnam Veterans' Risks for Fathering Babies with Birth Defects.” Journal of the American Medical Association 252:903–12.Google Scholar
Ervin, C., Little, R.E., Streissguth, A.P., and Beck, D.E. (1984). “Alcoholic Fathering and Its Relation to Child's Intellectual Development: A Pilot Investigation.” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 8(4):362–65.Google Scholar
Florida v. Johnson (1989). No. E89-890-CFA slip op. (Seminole Cty., FL Cir. Ct. July 13).Google Scholar
Ford Foundation (1992). Violence Against Women: Addressing a Global Problem. New York: Ford Foundation.Google Scholar
Gallagher, J. (1987). “Prenatal Invasions and Interventions: What's Wrong with Fetal Rights.” Harvard Women's Law Journal 10:958.Google Scholar
Gardner, M.J., Snee, M.P., Hall, A.J., Powell, C.A., Downes, S., and Terrell, J.D. (1990). “Results of Case Control Study of Leukemia and Lymphoma Among Young People Near Sellafield Nuclear Plant in West Cumbria.” British Medical Journal 300:423–29.Google Scholar
Gostin, L.O. (1990). “The AIDS Litigation Project: A National Review of Court and Human Rights Commission Decisions, Part 1.” Journal of the American Medical Association 263:1961–70.Google Scholar
Grodin v. Grodin (1988). 102 Mich. App. 396, 301 N.W. 2d 869.Google Scholar
Hastings Center (1992). “Paternal-Fetal Conflict.” Hastings Center Report 22(2):3.Google Scholar
Hicks, N., Zack, M., Caldwell, G., Fernbach, D., and Falletta, J.M. (1984). “Childhood Cancer and Occupational Radiation Exposure in Parents.” Cancer 53:1637–43.Google Scholar
Indiana v. Haines (1989). 545 N.E. 2d 834 (Ind App 2d Dist.).Google Scholar
In re Steven S. (1981). 126 Cal. App. 3d 23; 178 Cal. Rptr. 525.Google Scholar
Jefferson v. Griffin Spaulding County Hospital (1981). 247 Ga. 86, 274 S.E. 2d 457.Google Scholar
John, E.M., Savitz, D., and Sandler, D.P. (1991). “Prenatal Exposure to Parents: Smoking and Childhood Cancer.” American Journal of Epidemiology 133(2): 123–32.Google Scholar
Johnsen, D. (1989). “From Driving to Drugs: Governmental Regulation of Pregnant Women's Lives after Webster.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 138:179–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, P. (1990). “The ACLU Philosophy and the Right to Abuse the Unborn.” Criminal Justice Ethics 9:4851.Google Scholar
Kantor, A.F., Curnen, M.G.M., Meigs, T.W., and Flannery, J.T. (1979). “Occupations of Fathers of Patients with Wilm's Tumor.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 33:253–56.Google Scholar
Kelley-Buchanan, C. (1988). Peace of Mind During Pregnancy. New York: Facts on File Publications.Google Scholar
King, P. (1979). “The Judicial Status of the Fetus: A Proposal for Legal Protection of the Unborn.” Michigan Law Review 77:1647–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lancranjan, I., Popescu, H., Gavanescu, O., Klepsch, I., and Serbanescu, M. (1975). “Reproductive Ability of Workmen Occupationally Exposed to Lead.” Archives of Environmental Health 30:396401.Google Scholar
Langman, J. (1981). Medical Embryology, Fourth Edition. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins.Google Scholar
Levy, B.S. and Wegman, D.H., eds. (1983). Occupational Health: Recognizing and Preventing Work-Related Disease. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Little, R.E. and Sing, C.F. (1986). “Association of Father's Drinking and Infant's Birth Weight.” New England Journal of Medicine 314:1644.Google Scholar
Logli, P. (1990). “Drugs in the Womb: The Newest Battlefield in the War on Drugs.” Criminal Justice Ethics 9:2329.Google Scholar
Longo, L. (1982). “Some Health Consequences of Maternal Smoking: Issues without Answers.” Birth Defects (Original Article Series) 18:1331.Google Scholar
Losco, J. (1989). “Fetal Abuse: An Exploration of Emerging Philosophic, Legal and Policy Issues.” Western Political Quarterly 42(2):265–86.Google Scholar
Losco, J. (1992). “Fetal Rights and Feminism.” In Goldstein, L.F. (ed.), Feminist Jurisprudence. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Mariner, W., Glantz, L., and Annas, G. (1990). “Pregnancy, Drugs, and the Perils of Prosecution.” Criminal Justice Ethics 9:3041.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meheus, A. (1988). “Sexually Transmitted Pathogens in Mother and Newborn.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 549:203–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merrick, J. (1990). “Maternal-Fetal Conflict: Adversaries or Allies?” Paper presented at annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Merrick, J. (1993). “Maternal Substance Abuse During Pregnancy.” Journal of Legal Medicine 14:5771.Google Scholar
Meyer v. Nebraska (1923). 262, US 390.Google Scholar
Morrison, J.R. and Stewart, M.A. (1971). “A Family Study of the Hyperactive Child Syndrome.” Biological Psychiatry 3:189–95.Google Scholar
Narod, S.A., Douglas, G.K., Nestmann, E.R., and Blakey, D.H. (1988). “Human Mutagens: Evidence from Paternal Exposure?” Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 11:401–15.Google Scholar
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (1977). Criteria for a Recommended Standard of Occupational Exposure to Carbon Disulfide. Rockville, MD: DHEW Pub. No. 77-156.Google Scholar
Nisbet, I. and Karch, N. (1983). Chemical Hazards to Human Reproduction. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data.Google Scholar
Nordenson, J., Beckman, G., Beckman, L., and Nordstrom, S. (1978). “Occupational and Environmental Risks in and Around a Smelter in Northern Sweden.” Hereditas 88:4750.Google Scholar
Olshan, A.F. and Faustman, E.M. (1993). “Male-Mediated Developmental Toxicity.” Annual Review of Public Health 14:159–81.Google Scholar
“Origins of Genetic Disease” (1990). Lancet 335:887–88.Google Scholar
Paltrow, L. (1990). “When Becoming Pregnant Is a Crime.” Criminal Justice Ethics 9:4147.Google Scholar
Parness, J. (1985). “Crimes Against the Unborn.” Harvard Journal on Legislation 22:97172.Google Scholar
People v. Cook (1988). 533 N.E. 2d 676.Google Scholar
People v. Hardy (1991). 469 N.W. 2d 50 (Mich. App.).Google Scholar
People v. Madison (1989). Cir. Ct. Cook Cty, III, No. 88-123613.Google Scholar
People v. Sianes (1933). 134 Cal. App. 355, 25 p. 2d 487.Google Scholar
Perez-Stable, E.J. and Slutkin, G. (1984). “Sexually-Transmitted Diseases in Men.” In Swanson, J.M. and Forrest, K. (eds.), Men's Reproductive Health. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Petchesky, R. (1990). Abortion and Woman's Choice: The State, Sexuality and Reproductive Freedom. Boston: Northeastern University Press.Google Scholar
“Possession of a Dangerous Weapon: Laws Often Fail to Stop Intentional Spread of HIV Virus” (1992). Time (December 14):23.Google Scholar
Purchase, F.F.H., Richardson, C.R., Anderson, D., Paddle, G.M., and Adams, W.G.F. (1978). “Chromosomal Analysis in Vinyl Chloride-Exposed Workers.” Mutation Research 57:325–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raleigh Fitkin-Paul Morgan Memorial Hospital v. Anderson (1964). 42 N.J. 421, 201 A. 2d 537, cert. denied, 377 U.S. 985.Google Scholar
Resnick, R. (1991). “Car Seat Trial Ends Leaving a Legal Void.” National Law Journal 13:8.Google Scholar
Robertson, J.A. and Schulman, J.D. (1987). “Pregnancy and Prenatal Harm to Offspring: The Case of Mothers with PKU.” Hastings Center Report 17(4):2332.Google Scholar
Roe v. Wade (1973). 410 U.S. 113.Google Scholar
Rothman, B.K. (1989). Recreating Motherhood. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Savitz, D.A., Schwingl, P.T., and Keels, M.A. (1991). “Influence of Paternal Age, Smoking, and Alcohol Consumption on Congenital Anomalies.” Teratology 44:429–40.Google Scholar
Savitz, D.A., Wheelan, E.A., Kleckner, R.C. (1989). “Effects of Parents' Occupational Exposures on Risks of Stillbirths, Pre-term Delivery and Small for Gestational Age Infants.” American Journal of Epidemiology 129:1201–18.Google Scholar
Shanley, M.L. and Battistoni, R. (1992). “Afterword: Sexual Difference and Equality.” In Goldstein, L.F. (ed.), Feminist Jurisprudence. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Shaw, M. (1984). “Conditional Prospective Rights of the Fetus.” Journal of Legal Medicine 63:63116.Google Scholar
Skinner v. Oklahoma (1942). 316 U.S. 535.Google Scholar
Smith, D.C. (1986). “Wrongful Birth, Wrongful Life: Emerging Theories of Liability.” In Butler, J.D. and Walbert, D. F. (eds.), Abortion, Medicine and the Law, 3rd edition. New York: Facts on File.Google Scholar
Stallman v. Youngquist (1987). 52 III. App. 3d 683, 504 N.E. 2d 920.Google Scholar
State v. Kearns (1989). Nev. Dist. Ct., Cank City, No. C86584X.Google Scholar
Strunk v. Strunk (1969). 445 S.W. 2d 145.Google Scholar
United Automobile Workers (International Union, United Auto, Aerospace and Agricultural Workers of America, UAW, et al.) v. Johnson Controls Inc. (1991). 111 S. Ct. 1196; 498 U.S., March 20.Google Scholar
United States Environmental Protection Agency (1977). Air Quality Criteria for Lead. Washington, DC: Office of Research and Development. EPA-600/8-77-017.Google Scholar
Waxweiller, R.J., Falk, H., McMichael, A., Mallov, J.S., and Grivas, A.S. (1977). A Cross-sectional Epidemiologic Study of Vinyl Chloride Workers. Cincinnati, OH: NIOSH Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluation and Field Studies. PB-274193.Google Scholar
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989). 109 S. Ct. 3040.Google Scholar
Whorton, M.D. (1984). “Environmental and Reproductive Hazards.” In Swanson, J.M. and Forrest, K. (eds.), Men's Reproductive Health. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Whorton, M.D., Krauss, R.M., Marshall, S., and Milby, J.H. (1977). “Infertility in Male Pesticide Workers.” Lancet 2:1259–61.Google Scholar
Whorton, M.D., Milby, J.H., Krauss, R.M., and Stubbs, H.A. (1979). “Infertility in Male Pesticide Workers.” Journal of Occupational Medicine 21:161–66.Google Scholar
Willwerth, J. (1991). “Should We Take Away Their Kids?” Time 137 (May 13):6263.Google Scholar
Wong, O., Utidijian, H.M.D., and Karten, V.S. (1979). “Retrospective Evaluation of Reproductive Performance of Workers Exposed to Ethylene Dibromide.” Journal of Occupational Medicine 21:98102.Google Scholar
Yazigi, R.A., Odem, R.R., Polakowski, K.L. (1991). “Demonstration of Specific Bonding of Cocaine to Human Spermatozoa.” Journal of the American Medical Association 226(14):1956–59.Google Scholar
Zucchino, D. (1990). “Philly Program Targets Drug-Addicted Pregnant Women.” Indianapolis Star (November 4):D-2.Google Scholar