Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T23:09:10.907Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Evolutionary ethics: An idea whose time has come? An overview and an affirmation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2016

Peter A. Corning*
Affiliation:
Institute for the Study of Complex Systems 119 Bryant Street, Suite 212 Palo Alto, CA 94301 USA [email protected]
Get access

Extract

Evolutionary ethics is a subject that has been debated ever since Darwin's day. The basic issue, in a nutshell, is whether or not human ethical systems can be explained — and justified — in terms of evolutionary principles. In recent years there has been an upsurge of publications devoted to this issue, including many new books (as well as a number of books on Darwinism and religion) and countless journal articles. Indeed, an Internet search using the term “evolutionary ethics” yielded 65,400 citations of various kinds. As this outpouring of publications suggests, there has been a great diversity of views on the subject over the years.

Type
Harrison Symposium III
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Politics and the Life Sciences 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Alexander, Richard, The Biology of Moral Systems (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1987); Masters, Roger and Gruter, Margaret, eds., The Sense of Justice (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992); Nitecki, Matthew and Nitecki, Doris, eds., Evolutionary Ethics (New York: State University of New York Press, 1993); Wilson, James Q., The Moral Sense (New York: The Free Press, 1993); Farber, Paul Lawrence, The Temptations of Evolutionary Ethics (Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1994); Wright, Robert, The Moral Animal (New York: Pantheon, 1994); de Waal, Frans, Good Natured (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996); Ridley, Matt, The Origins of Virtue (New York: Viking, 1997); Sober, Elliott and Wilson, David Sloan, Unto Others (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998); Arnhart, Larry, Darwinian Natural Right (Albany: SUNY Press, 1998); Katz, Leonard D., ed., Evolutionary Origins of Morality (Thorverton, UK: Imprint Academic, 2000); Maienschein, Jane and Ruse, Michael, eds., Biology and the Foundation of Ethics (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Gould, Stephen Jay, Rocks of Ages (New York: Ballantine Publishing Group, 1999); Ruse's, MichaelCan a Darwinian Be a Christian? (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001); Wilson, David Sloan, Darwin's Cathedral (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).Google Scholar
2.Darwin, Charles R., The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (New York: A. L. Burt, 1874 [1871]).Google Scholar
3.Darwin, Charles R., The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1873/1965).Google Scholar
4.McKinney, Henry L., Wallace and Natural Selection (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1972).Google Scholar
5.Darwin, Charles R., The Descent of Man, pp. 113142.Google Scholar
6.Ibid., pp. 123124, 146–147.Google Scholar
7.Ibid., p. 148.Google Scholar
8.Corning, Peter A., “Synergy and the Evolution of Superorganisms: Past, Present, and Future,” Association for Politics and the Life Sciences annual meeting, Montréal, August 11–14, 2002; Wilson, David Sloan and Sober, Elliott, “Reviving the Superorganism,” Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1989, 136:337–56; Hölldobler, Bert and Wilson, Edward O., Journey to the Ants (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1994); Hölldobler, Bert and Wilson, Edward O., The Ants (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); Richerson, Peter J. and Boyd, Robert“Complex Societies: The Evolutionary Origins of a Crude Superorganism,” Human Nature, 1999, 10:253–289.Google Scholar
9.Spencer, Herbert, The Principles of Sociology (New York: D. Appleton, 1874–5/1897), vol. II, 1, p. 224.Google Scholar
10.Ibid., vol. I, 1, pp. 1415.Google Scholar
11.Ibid., vol. I, pp. 435436.Google Scholar
12.Spencer, Herbert, The Principles of Ethics (London: Williams and Norgate, 1892–93), vol. I, p. 100.Google Scholar
13.Huxley, Thomas Henry, “Evolution and Ethics,” reprinted inEvolutionary Ethics, Nitecki, M. H. and Nitecki, D. V., editors (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1993), 5070.Google Scholar
14.Dewey, John, “Evolution and Ethics,” reprinted in Evolutionary Ethics, Nitecki, M. H. and Nitecki, D. V., editors (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1993), pp. 95110.Google Scholar
15.Stephen, Leslie, “Ethics and the Struggle for Existence” reprinted inEvolutionary Ethics, Nitecki, M. H. and Nitecki, D. V., editors (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1993), pp. 8194.Google Scholar
16.Tylor, Edward B., Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art and Customs (New York: Henry Holt, 1889 [1871]), p. 7.; Keller, Albert G., Societal Evolution (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1931 [1915]); Sumner, William Graham, Essays of William Graham Sumner (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1934).Google Scholar
17.Rockefeller, John D.quoted inLux, Kenneth, Adam Smith's Mistake (Boston: Shambhala, 1990), p. 148.Google Scholar
18.Carnegie, Andrew, “Wealth,” North American Review, 1889, reprinted inThe Andrew Carnegie Reader, Wall, J. F., editor (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992), p. 132.Google Scholar
19.Kropotkin, Pyotr, Mutual Aid, A Factor of Evolution (New York: McClure Phillips & Co., 1902), p. vi.Google Scholar
20.Huxley, Julian S.Huxley, Thomas Henry, Evolution and Ethics: 1893–1943 (London: The Pilot Press, 1947); Dobzhansky, Theodosius, The Biology of Ultimate Concern (New York: New American Library, 1967); Dobzhansky, Theodosius, “Ethics and Values in Biological and Cultural Evolution,” Zygon, 1973, 8 (3/4): 261–281. Dobzhansky, Theodosius, “Is Genetic Diversity Compatible with Human Equality?” Social Biology, 1973, 20:280–288.Google Scholar
21.Wright, Sewall, Evolution and the Genetics of Populations: A Treatise (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968–1978).Google Scholar
22.Mayr, Ernst, Animal Species and Evolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963). Mayr, Also Ernst, Evolution and the Diversity of Life: Selected Essay (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976).Google Scholar
23.Wheeler, William Morton, Emergent Evolution and the Social (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1927); Wheeler, William Morton, The Insect Societies: Their Origin and Evolution (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1928); Allee, Warder C., Animal Aggregations: A Study in General Sociology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931); Allee, Warder C., Cooperation Among Animals: With Human Implications (New York: Henry Schuman, 1938/1951).Google Scholar
24.Wynne-Edwards, Vero C., “Intergroup Selection in the Evolution of Social Systems,” Nature, 1963, 200:623; Wynne-Edwards, Vero C., Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behaviour (New York: Hafner, 1962).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Hamilton, William D., “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior, I,” Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1964, 7:116; Hamilton, William D., “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior, II,” Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1964, 7:17–52.Google Scholar
26.Williams, George C., Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966), p. 8; cf., Williams, George C., Natural Selection, Domains, Levels and Challenges (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).Google Scholar
27.Dawkins, Richard, The Selfish Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976), p. 2.Google Scholar
28.Cronin, Helena, The Ant and the Peacock (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 327.Google Scholar
29.Wright, Robert, The Moral Animal: Evolutionary Psychology and Everyday Life (New York: Pantheon, 1994), p. 186.Google Scholar
30.Corning, Peter A., Holistic Darwinism: Synergy, Cybernetics and the Bioeconomics of Evolution (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, in press).Google Scholar
31.John Maynard Smith Eörs Szathmáry, The Major Transitions in Evolution (Oxford: W.H. Freeman Press, 1995), p. 261.Google Scholar
32.Dawkins, Richard, The Blind Watchmaker (New York: W. W. Norton, 1986), pp. 170, 171.Google Scholar
34.Dawkins, Richard, The Selfish Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976), pp. 3941.Google Scholar
35.Corning, Peter A., “The Co-operative Gene: On the Role of Synergy in Evolution,” Evolutionary Theory, 1996, 11:183207; Ridley, Mark, The Cooperative Gene: How Mendel's Demon Explains the Evolution of Complex Beings (New York: The Free Press, 2001).Google Scholar
36.Corning, Peter A., Nature's Magic: Synergy in Evolution and the Fate of Humankind (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), Ch. 7; “Synergy Goes to War: An Evolutionary Theory of Collective Violence,” Association for Politics and the Life Sciences annual meeting, Charleston, S.C., October 18–21, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37.Corning, Peter A., “Fair Shares: Beyond Capitalism and Socialism (The Biological Basis of Social Justice),” Association for Politics and the Life Sciences annual meeting, Montréal, August 11–14, 2002.Google Scholar