Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T01:17:46.180Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Commentary on Kawar and Sherlock

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2016

Burke K. Zimmerman*
Affiliation:
VTT Technology Oy/Inc., Itatuulentie 2, SF-02100 Espoo, Finland
Get access

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Articles and Commentaries
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Politics and the Life Sciences 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, M. (1985). “Ecological Consequences: Reducing the Uncertainties.” Issues in Science Technology and Society 1 (Spring): 5768.Google Scholar
Barnthouse, W., and Palumbo, A. V. (1986). “Assessing the Transport and Fate of Bioengineered Microorganisms in the Environment.” In Fiskel, J. and Covello, V. T. (eds.), Biotechnology Risk Assessment: Issues and Methods for Environmental Introductions. New York: Pergamon Press, pp. 109128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartels, D. (1985). “It's Good Enough for Science, But Is It Good Enough for Social Action?Science, Technology and Human Values 10 (Fall): 6974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baum, R. M. (1985). “Environmental Policy Issues Still Plague Biotechnology Research.” C and EN 27 (June 17): 3334.Google Scholar
Benbrook, C. et al. (1982). “Regulatory Procedures and Public Health Issues in the EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs.” Staff report in EPA Pesticide Regulatory Program Study Hearings before the Subcommittee on Department Operations, Research and Foreign Agriculture, Committee on Agriculture, U. S. House of Representatives, Serial 97-NNN, December 17. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Berg, P., Baltimore, D., Boyer, H. W., Cohen, S. N., Davis, R. W., Hogness, D. S., Nathans, D., Roblin, R., Watson, J. D., Weissman, S., and Zinder, N. D. (1974). “Potential Biohazards of Recombinant DNA Molecules.” Science 185 (26 July): 303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berg, P., Baltimore, D., Brenner, S., Roblin, R. O. III, and Singer, M. F. (1975). “Summary Statement of the Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA molecules, May 1975.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 72 (6): 19811984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biotechnology Newswatch (1988). “PMA Releases ‘Most Comprehensive’ List of Biotechnology Products.8: 67.Google Scholar
Blank, R. H., Caldwell, L. K., Wiegele, T. C., and Zilinskas, R. A. (1987). “Biotechnology, Public Policy, and the Social Sciences: Critical Needs in Teaching and Research.” Politics and the Life Sciences 6 (1): 6480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyce-Thompson Institute for Plant Research (1988). Regulatory Considerations: Genetically-Engineered Plants. Ithaca, N. Y.: Boyce-Thompson Institute for Plant Research.Google Scholar
Brill, W. (1985). “Safety Concerns and Genetic Engineering in Agriculture.” Science 227 (January): 381384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brink, R., Kinerson, R., and Boethling, R. (1983). “Exposure Assessment Concerns for Genetically Engineered Organisms.Washington, D. C.: Office of Toxic Substances, Environmental Protection Agency.Google Scholar
Brown, L. R., and Wolf, E. C. (1986). “Assessing Ecological Decline.” In Brown, L. R., Chandler, W. U., Flavin, C., Pollack, C., Postel, S., Starke, L., and Wolf, E. C., State of the World, 1986. New York: W. W. Norton, pp. 2239.Google Scholar
Buttell, F. H. (1986). “Biotechnology and Public Agricultural Research Policy.” In Rhodes, V. J. (ed.), Agricultural Science Policy in Transition. Bethesda, Md.: Agricultural Research Institute, pp. 123156.Google Scholar
Buttell, F. H. (1988a). “Social Impacts of Biotechnology on Agricultural and Rural America: Neglected Issues and Implications for Agricultural Research and Extension Policy.” Cornell Rural Sociology Bulletin, no. 150 (July).Google Scholar
Buttell, F. H. (1988b). “Are High-Technologies Epoch-making Technologies: The Case of Biotechnology.Unpublished manuscript. Department of Rural Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.Google Scholar
Buttel, F. H., Kenney, M., Kloppenburg, J. Jr., and Smith, D. (1986a). “Industry-University Relationships and the Land-Grant System.” Agricultural Administration 23: 147181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buttel, F. H., Kenney, M., Kloppenburg, J. Jr., Tadlock Cowan, J., and Smith, D. (1986b). “Industry/Land-Grant University Relationships in Transition.” In Busch, L. and Lacy, W. B. (eds.), The Agricultural Scientific Enterprise. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, pp. 296312.Google Scholar
Cairns, J. Jr., and Pratt, J. R. (1986). “Ecological Consequence Assessment: Effects of Bioengineered Organisms.” In Fiskel, J. and Covello, V. T. (eds.), Biotechnology Risk Assessment: Issues and Methods for Environmental Introductions. New York: Pergamon Press, pp. 88108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calabrese, E. J. (1983). Principles of Animal Extrapolation. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Check, W. (1986). “Grappling Again with the Regulation of Engineered Organisms.” ASM News 52 (3): 150151.Google Scholar
Clark, W. (1980). “Witches, Floods and Wonder Drugs: Historical Perspectives on Risk Management.” In Schwing, R. C. and Albers, W. (eds.), Societal Risk Assessment: How Safe is Safe Enough? New York: Plenum Press, pp. 287313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Covello, V. T., and Fiskel, J. R. (1985). The Suitability and Applicability of Risk Assessment Methods for Environmental Applications of Biotechnology. Washington, D. C.: National Science Foundation. Report NSF/PRA8502286 (August).Google Scholar
Department of Health and Human Services (1984). “Request for Public Comment Recommendations Offered in the Report The Environmental Implications of Genetic Engineering'.” Federal Register 49 (April 4): 17601763.Google Scholar
Environment Canada and National Health and Welfare Canada (1987). Discussion draft: New Substances Notification Regulations. December 9.Google Scholar
Environmental Protection Agency (1982). “Guidelines for Registering Pesticides in the United States.Subpart M: Data Requirements for Biorational Pesticides. Environmental Protection Agency, No. PB 83–153965. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.Google Scholar
Fiskel, J., and Covello, V. T., eds. (1986). Biotechnology Risk Assessment: Issues and Methods for Environmental Introductions. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Fletcher, J. (1971). “Ethical Aspects of Genetic Controls.” New England Journal of Medicine 285: 776783.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, J. (1985). “Fixed up in Philadelphia: Genetic Engineers Meet With Ecologists.” ASM News 51 (8): 382386.Google Scholar
Franklin, C. A. (1988). “Modern Biotechnology: A Review of Current Regulatory Status and Identification of Research and Regulatory Needs.” Toxicology and Industrial Health 4 (1): 91105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franklin, C. A., and Previsich, N. J.(in press). “Assessing Human Health Risks of Environmentally Released, Genetically Engineered Microorganisms.” In. Fiskel, J. (ed.), Safety Assurance for Environmental Introductions of Genetically Engineered Organisms. NATO ASI Series. Vol. G18, pp. 5571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillett, J. W., Stern, A. M., Harwell, M. A., and Levin, S. A. (1986). “Conclusions and Recommendations.” Environmental Management 10: 533535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillette, J. W., ed. (1985). Potential Impacts of Environmental Release of Biotechnology Products. Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Goodman, D., Sorj, B., and Wilkinson, J. (1987). From Farming to Biotechnology. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Gould, F. (1988). “Evolutionary Biology and Genetically Engineered Crops: Consideration of Evolutionary Theory Can Aid in Crop Design.” BioScience 38: 2633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jasanoff, S. (1986). Risk Management and Political Culture. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., and Tversky, A., eds. (1982). Judgment Under Uncertainty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kass, L. (1985). Toward a More Natural Science: Biology and Human Affairs. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Kenney, M. (1986). Biotechnology: The University-Industrial Complex. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Kenney, M., and Buttel, F. H. (1985). “Biotechnology: Prospects and Dilemmas for Third World Development.” Development and Change 16: 6191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimball, M., and Levin, S. (1985). “Limitations on Laboratory Bioassays: The Need for Ecosystem Level Testing.” Bioscience 35: 165171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korwek, E. L., and De La Cruz, P. L. (1985). “Federal Regulation of Environmental Release of Genetically Manipulated Microorganisms.” Rutgers Computer and Technology Law Journal 11: 301382.Google Scholar
Krimsky, S. (1982). Genetic Alchemy: A Social History of the Recombinant DNA Controversy. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Krimsky, S. (1984). “The Corporate Capture of Academic Science and Its Social Costs.” In Milunsky, A. and Annas, G. (eds.), Genetics and the Law III. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 4555.Google Scholar
Kureczka, J. (1984). “Biotechnology and Governmental Regulation: Overview and Recommendations.” Bulletin of the Institute of Governmental Studies, University of California, Berkeley 23: 113.Google Scholar
Lawton, J. H., and May, R. M. (1984). “Genetics, Dynamics, and Politics.” Nature 309 (June 28): 744745.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levin, S. A., and Harwell, M. A. (1985). “Environmental Risks and Genetically Engineered Organisms.” In Panem, S. (ed.), Biotechnology: Implications for Public Policy. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, pp. 5672.Google Scholar
Levin, S., and Kimball, M. (1984). “New Perspectives in Ecotoxicology.” Environmental Management 8: 375442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindow, S. E. (1983). “The Role of Bacterial Ice Nucleation in Frost Injury to Plants.” Annual Review of Phythopathology 21: 363–84.Google Scholar
Lowrance, W. (1980). “The Nature of Risk.” In Schwing, R. C. and Albers, W. (eds.), Societal Risk Assessment: How Safe is Safe Enough? New York: Plenum Press, pp. 515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mogee, M. E. (1985). “Risk Assessment in the Regulatory Process.” In Ingram, H. M. and Godwin, R. K. (eds.), Public Policy and the Natural Environment. Greenwich: JAI Press Inc., pp. 185204.Google Scholar
Moses, P. B., and Hess, C. E. (1987). “Getting Biotech into the Field.” Issues in Science and Technology 4: 3541.Google Scholar
National Academy of Sciences (1987a). Agricultural Biotechnology. Committee on a National Strategy for Biotechnology in Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
National Academy of Sciences (1987b). Introduction of Recombinant DNA-Engineered Organisms into the Environment: Key Issues. Committee on the Introduction of Genetically Engineered Organisms into the Environment. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
National Research Council (1983). Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
National Research Council (1987). Agricultural Biotechnology. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
O'Brien, W. (1981). The Conduct of Just and Limited War. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Office of Science and Technology Policy (1986). “Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology: Announcement of Policy and Notice for Public Comment.” Federal Register 51 (123): 2330123393.Google Scholar
Office of Technology Assessment (1984). Commercial Biotechnology: An International Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Office of Technology Assessment (1988). Field Testing Engineered Organisms. Washington, D. C.: OTA.Google Scholar
Omenn, G. (1984). “Report from a Conference on ‘Genetic Control of Environmental Pollutants’.” Recombinant DNA Technical Bulletin 7 (March): 3031.Google ScholarPubMed
Paine, R., and Zaret, T. (1975). “Ecological Gambling: The High Risks and Rewards of Species Introduction.” Journal of the American Medical Association 231: 471474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Page, T (1978). “A Generic View of Toxic Chemicals and Similar Risks.” Ecology Law Quarterly 7: 207–44.Google Scholar
Page, T (1981). “A Framework for Unreasonable Risk in the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA).” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, pp. 145–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quade, E. S. (1975). Analysis for Public Decisions. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Regal, P. (1986). “Potential Ecological Impact of Genetically Engineered Organisms.” In Mooney, H. A. and Drake, J. A. (eds.), Ecological Consequences of Biological Invasions. New York: Springer Verlag, pp. 109123.Google Scholar
Rifkin, J. (1985). Declaration of a Heretic. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Rissler, J. F. (1984). “Research Needs for Biotic Environmental Effects of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms.” Recombinant DNA Technical Bulletin 7 (March): 2030.Google ScholarPubMed
Roobeek, A. J. M. (1987). Governments Locked in the Technology Race: The Political and Economical Background to the Technology Race between Industrialised Countries. Amsterdam: Faculty of Economics, Department of Business Economics, University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Russell, M., and Gruber, M. (1987). “Risk Assessment in Environmental Policymaking.” Science 236 (April 17): 286290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sayler, G., and Stacey, G. (1986). “Methods for Evaluation of Microorganism Properties.” In Fiskel, J. and Covello, V. T. (eds.), Biotechnology Risk Assessment: Issues and Methods for Environmental Introductions. New York: Pergamon Press, pp. 3553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schrecker, T. F. (1984). “Political Economy of Environmental Hazards.” Protection of Life Series. Study paper. Law Reform Commission of Canada.Google Scholar
Segal, M. (1983). “Hazards from Genetically Engineered Organisms.Washington, D. C.: Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Environmental Protection Agency.Google Scholar
Sharpies, F. E. (1982). Spread of Organisms with Novel Genotypes. Oak Ridge, Tenn.: National Laboratory, Environmental Division.Google Scholar
Simberloff, D. (1981). “Community Effects of Introduced Species.” In Nitecki, M. (ed.), Biotic Crises in Ecological and Evolutionary Time. New York: Academic Press, pp. 5381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, A. M. (1986). “Applications.” Environmental Management 10: 445452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suter, G. W. II (1985). “Application of Environmental Risk Analysis to Engineered Organisms.” In Halvorson, H. O., Pramer, D., and Rogul, M. (eds.), Engineered Organisms in the Environment: Scientific Issues. Washington, D. C.: American Society for Microbiology, pp. 211219.Google Scholar
Thompson, P. B. (1987). “Agricultural Biotechnology and the Rhetoric of Risk: Some Conceptual Issues.” The Environmental Professional 9: 316326.Google Scholar
Tribe, L. H. (1973). “Technology Assessment and the Fourth Discontinuity: The Limits of Instrumental Rationality.” Southern California Law Review 46: 617660.Google Scholar
U. S. Congress (1983). House. Hearing before the Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Investigations and the Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Technology. “Environmental Implications of Genetic Engineering.98th Cong., 1st sess. June 22, file 3140–1.Google Scholar
U. S. Congress (1984). House. Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight and the Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Technology. Environmental Implications of Genetic Engineering. 98th Cong., 1st sess.Google Scholar
U. S. Department of Agriculture (U.S.D.A.) (1986). “7 CFR Parts 330 and 340: Plant Pests; Introduction of Genetically Engineered Organisms or Products; Final Rule.” Federal Register 52 (115): 2289222915.Google Scholar
Weinberger, J. (1985). Science, Faith and Politics. Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Wildavsky, A. (1988). Searching for Safety. New Brunswick: Transaction Books.Google Scholar
Wildavsky, A.(n.d.).Goldilocks Is Wrong: In Regulation of Biotechnology, Only the Extremes Can Be Correct.Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Williams, R. (1977). “Government Response to Man-Made Hazards.” Government and Opposition 12 (Winter): 319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, R., and Crouch, E. A. C. (1987). “Risk Assessment and Comparisons: An Introduction.” Science 236 (April 17): 267270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (WHO) (1981). “Mammalian Safety of Microbial Agents for Vector Control.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 59 (6): 857–63.Google Scholar
Wright, S. (1986). “Recombinant DNA Technology and its Social Transformation, 1972–1982.” 2d series. Osiris 2: 303360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmerman, B. K. (1978). “Risk-Benefit Analysis: The Cop-Out of Governmental Regulation.” Trial 14: 4347.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, B. K. (1984). Biofuture: Confronting the Genetic Era. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar