Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T15:27:50.341Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Vigorous Shaking of Political Prisoners as a Means of Interrogation: Physical, Affective, and Neuropsychological Sequelae

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2016

Norm O'Rourke*
Affiliation:
University of Ottawa, Canada
Get access

Abstract

Torture is a crude and ancient method of extracting information and confessions from prisoners. Its use is still widespread throughout the world, but its techniques have become increasingly sophisticated. Today, information and confessions are commonly extracted from political prisoners with few signs of physical trauma. For instance, Israel's General Security Service has come to employ vigorous shaking as one such means of interrogation within the Occupied Territories of the Gaza and West Bank. This procedure may sound innocuous, but there are good reasons to believe that vigorous shaking can induce whiplash-related injuries. Such evidence is found in the child abuse and motor vehicle accident literature. Although global intellect may appear unaffected, more subtle emotional and cognitive dysfunction can create lasting impairment. This article concludes that vigorous shaking of political prisoners is a dangerous and potentially lethal mode of interrogation that should be discontinued by Israel's General Security Forces and avoided by all governments.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Politics and the Life Sciences 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amnesty International (1996). Amnesty International Annual Report. New York: Amnesty International.Google Scholar
Amnesty International (1998). Israel/Occupied Territories and the Palestinian Authority: Five Years after the Oslo Agreement - Human Rights Sacrificed for “Security.” Availablehttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aipub/1998/MDE/50200498.htm.Google Scholar
Aston-Jones, G. (1985). “Behavioral Function of Locus Coeruleus Derived from Cellular Attributes.” Physiological Psychology 13:118–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnsley, L., Lord, S., and Bogduk, N. (1994). “Whiplash Injury.” Pain 58:283307.Google Scholar
Barontini, F. and Maurri, S. (1992). “Isolated Amnesia Following a Bilateral Paramedian Thalamic Infarct.” Acta Neurologica 14:90102.Google Scholar
Beatty, J. (1995). Principles of Behavioral Neuroscience. Dubuque, IA: Brown and Benchmark.Google Scholar
Bezchlibnyk-Butler, K.Z., Jeffries, J.J., and Martin, B.A. (1994). Clinical Handbook of Psychotropic Drugs. Toronto: Hogrefe and Huber.Google Scholar
Bo-Abbas, Y. and Bolton, C.F. (1995). “Roller-Coaster Headache.” New England Journal of Medicine 332:1585.Google Scholar
Bohnen, N., Jolles, J., and Verhey, F.R.J. (1993). “Persistent Neuropsychological Deficits in Cervical Whiplash Patients without Direct Head Strike.” Acta Neurologica Belgica 93:2331.Google Scholar
Bower, K.D. (1986). “The Patho-Physiology and Symptomology of the Whiplash Syndrome.” In Grieve, G.P., (ed.), Modern Manual Therapy of the Vertebral Column. New York: Churchill Livingston.Google Scholar
Brown, J.K. and Minns, R.A. (1993). “Non-Accidental Head Injury, with Particular Reference to Whiplash Shaking Injury and Medico-Legal Aspects.” Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 35:849–66.Google Scholar
Bruce, D.A. (1984). “Delayed Deterioration of Consciousness after Trivial Head Injury in Childhood.” British Medical Journal 289:715–11.Google Scholar
Caffey, J. (1972). “On the Theory and Practice of Shaking Infants.” American Journal of Diseases of Children 124:161–66.Google Scholar
Caffey, J. (1974). “The Whiplash Shaken Infant Syndrome: Manual Shaking by the Extremities with Whiplash-Induced Intracranial and Intraocular Bleedings, Linked with Residual Permanent Brain Damage and Mental Retardation.” Pediatrics 54:396403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, C.R., Geffen, G.M., and Geffen, L.B. (1986). “Role of Monoamine Pathways in Attention and Effort: Effects of Clonidine and Methylphenidate in Normal Adults.” Psychopharmacology 90:3539.Google Scholar
Cooper, J.R., Bloom, F.E., and Roth, R.H. (1991). The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Deng, Y.C. (1989). “Anthropomorphic Dummy Neck Modeling and Injury Considerations.” Accident Analysis and Prevention 21:85100.Google Scholar
Di Stefano, G. and Radanov, B.P. (1995). “Course of Attention and Memory after Common Whiplash: A Two-Years Prospective Study with Age, Education and Gender Pair-Matched Patients.” Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 91:346–55.Google Scholar
Ettlin, T.M. et al. (1992). “Cerebral Symptoms after Whiplash Injury of the Neck: A Prospective Clinical and Neuropsychological Study of Whiplash Injury.” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 55:943–44.Google Scholar
Evans, R.W. (1992). “Some Observations on Whiplash Injuries.” Neurologic Clinics 10:975–99.Google Scholar
Friction, J.R. (1993). “Myofascial Pain and Whiplash.” Spine: State of the Art Reviews 7:403–22.Google Scholar
Fuster, J.M. (1989). The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 2nd edition. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Gavshon, M.H. (1996). “Is It Torture?” 60 Minutes. D. Hewitt, executive producer. Columbia Broadcasting System.Google Scholar
Grotten, N. (1976). “Survey of One Hundred Cases of Whiplash Injury after Settlement of Litigation.” Journal of the American Medical Association 162:865–66.Google Scholar
Guthkelch, A.N. (1971). “Infantile Subdural Haematoma and Its Relationship to Whiplash Injuries.” British Medical Journal 2:430–33.Google Scholar
Hildingsson, C. et al. (1989). “Oculomotor Problems after Cervical Spine Injury.” Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 60:513–11.Google Scholar
Hinoki, M. (1985). “Vertigo Due to Whiplash Injury: A Neurological Approach.” Acta Otolaryngology 419 (Suppl.):929.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Human Rights Watch/Middle East (1994). Torture and Ill-Treatment: Israel's Interrogation of Palestinians from the Occupied Territories. New York: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
Jacome, D.E. (1987). “EEG in Whiplash: A Reappraisal.” Clinical Electroencephalography 18:4145.Google Scholar
Jordan, B.D. et al. (1997). “Apolipoprotein E _4 Associated with Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury in Boxing.” Journal of the American Medical Association 278:136–44.Google Scholar
Kaszniak, A.W. and DiTraglia Christiansen, G. (1994). “Differential Diagnosis of Dementia and Depression.” In Storandt, M. and VandenBos, G.R., (eds.), Neurological Assessment of Dementia and Depression in Older Adults: A Clinician's Guide. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Kirschener, R.H. and Wilson, H.L. (1994). Fatal Child Abuse: The Pathologist's Perspective. In Reece, R.M., (ed.), Child Abuse: Medical Diagnosis and Management. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.Google Scholar
Kischka, U. et al. (1991). “Cerebral Symptoms Following Whiplash Injury.” European Neurology 31:136–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsson, S.E. et al. (1994). “Chronic Pain after Soft-Tissue Injury of the Cervical Spine: Trapezius Muscle Blood Flow and Electromyography at Static Loads and Fatigue.” Pain 57:173–88.Google Scholar
Lee, J., Giles, K., and Drummond, P.D. (1993). “Psychological Disturbances and an Exaggerated Response to Pain in Patients with Whiplash Injury.” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 37:105–11.Google Scholar
Merskey, H. (1986). “Traditional Individual Psychotherapy and Psychopharmacotherapy.” In Holzman, A.D. and Turk, D.C., (eds.), Pain Management: A Handbook of Psychological Treatment Approaches. New York: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Olpe, H.R., Steinmann, M.W., and Jones, R.S.G. (1985). “Electrophysiological Perspectives on Locus Coeruleus: Its Role in Cognitive versus Vegetative Functions.” Physiological Psychology 13:179–88.Google Scholar
Ommaya, A.K. and Hirsch, H.E. (1971). “Tolerances for Cerebral Concussion from Head Impact and Whiplash in Primates.” Journal of Biomechanics 4:1321.Google Scholar
Physicians for Human Rights (1995). Israel and the Occupied Territories: Shaking as a Form of Torture: Death in Custody of Abd al-Samad Harizat. Boston, MA: Physicians for Human Rights.Google Scholar
Rabasca, L. (1998). “Is It Depression? Or Could It Be a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury?” APA Monitor 29:2728.Google Scholar
Radanov, B.P., Dvorák, J., and Valach, L. (1992). “Cognitive Deficits in Patients after Soft Tissue Injury of the Cervical Spine.” Spine 17:127–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radanov, B.P., Hirlinger, I., Stefano, G., and Valach, L. (1992). “Attentional Processing in Cervical Spine Syndromes.” Acta Neurological Scandinavica 85:358–66.Google Scholar
Radanov, B.P. et al. (1993). “Cognitive Functioning after Common Whiplash.” Archives of Neurology 50:8791.Google Scholar
Rauschning, W., McAfee, P.C., and Jònsson, H. (1989). “Pathoanatomical and Surgical Findings in Cervical Spinal Injuries.” Journal of Spinal Disorders 2:213–22.Google Scholar
Robbins, T.W., Everitt, B.J., and Cole, B.J. (1985). “Functional Hypotheses of the Coeruleocortical Noradrenergic Projection: A Review of Recent Experimentation and Theory.” Physiological Psychology 13:127–55.Google Scholar
Rubin, W. (1973). “Whiplash with Vestibular Involvement.” Archives of Otolaryngology 97:8587.Google Scholar
Sano, K. et al. (1972). “Correlative Studies of Dynamics and Pathology in Whip-Lash and Head Injuries.” Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 4:4754.Google Scholar
Sara, S.J. (1985). “The Locus Coeruleus and Cognitive Function: Attempts to Relate Noradrenergic Enhancement of Signal/Noise in the Brain to Behavior.” Physiological Psychology 13:151–66.Google Scholar
Spitzer, W.O. et al. (1995). “Scientific Monograph of the Québec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders: Redefining ‘Whiplash’ and Its Management.” Spine 20:1S73S.Google Scholar
Svensson, T.H. (1987). “Peripheral, Autonomic Regulation of Locus Coeruleus Noradrenergic Neurons in the Brain: Putative Implications for Psychiatry and Psychopharmacology.” Psychopharmacology 92:17.Google Scholar
Yarnell, P.R. and Rossie, G.V. (1988). “Minor Whiplash Head Injury with Major Debilitation.” Brain Injury 2:255–55.Google Scholar