Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T17:51:38.940Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Political Tolerance, Psychological Security, and Religion: Disaggregating the Mediating Influence of Psychological Security

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 February 2014

Marie A. Eisenstein  and
April K. Clark
Marie A. Eisenstein*
Affiliation:
Indiana University Northwest
April K. Clark*
Affiliation:
Purdue University Calumet
*
Address correspondence and reprint request to: Marie Eisenstein, Department of History, Philosophy, Political Science and Religious Studies, Indiana University Northwest, 3400 Broadway Avenue, Gary, IN 46408. E-mail: [email protected]; or April K. Clark, Department of History and Political Science, Purdue University Calumet, 2200 169th Street, Hammond, IN 46323. E-mail: [email protected]
Address correspondence and reprint request to: Marie Eisenstein, Department of History, Philosophy, Political Science and Religious Studies, Indiana University Northwest, 3400 Broadway Avenue, Gary, IN 46408. E-mail: [email protected]; or April K. Clark, Department of History and Political Science, Purdue University Calumet, 2200 169th Street, Hammond, IN 46323. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This research focuses on the variable “psychological security” as a mediating influence for religion, and its influence on political tolerance. While the composite variable of "psychological security" (typically measured by dogmatism, self-esteem, and trust) has been part of many studies of political tolerance, insufficient attention has been paid to the influence of these separate indicators. This is problematic because certain religious beliefs, practices, and/or affiliations may contribute differentially to the particular components of psychological security that are linked with greater political intolerance. So, we do not know “if” and “how” religion may influence these separate psychological security components or the mediating influence of these components in the religionpsychological security-political tolerance connection. The objective of this project is to “unpack” the unique influence of the psychological security components in our understanding of political tolerance and to assess the mediating influence of these same components on the relationship between religion and tolerance.

Type
Articles
Information
Politics and Religion , Volume 7 , Issue 2 , June 2014 , pp. 287 - 317
Copyright
Copyright © Religion and Politics Section of the American Political Science Association 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adorno, Theodor W., Frenkel-Brunswik, Else, Levinson, Daniel J., and Sanford, R. Nevitt 1950. The Authoritarian Personality. New York, NY: Harper and Row, Publishers.Google Scholar
Allport, Gordon.W., and Ross, James M.. 1967. “Personal religious orientation and prejudice.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 5:432–443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altemeyer, Bob. 1996. The Authoritarian Specter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bahr, Howard M., and Martin, Thomas K.. 1983. “And They Neighbor as Thyself': Self-Esteem and Faith in People as Correlates of Religiosity and Family Solidarity among Middletown High School Students.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 22:132–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beatty, Kathleen Murphy, and Walter, Oliver. 1984. “Religious Preference and Practice: Reevaluating their Impact on Political Tolerance.” Public Opinion Quarterly 48:318–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berelson, Bernard R., Lazarsfeld, Paul F., and McPhee, William N.. 1954. Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bobo, Lawrence, and Licari, Frederick C.. 1989. “Education and Political Tolerance: Testing the Effects of Cognitive Sophistication and Target Group Affect.” Public Opinion Quarterly 53:285–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradshaw, Matt, and Ellison, Christopher G.. 2008. “Do Genetic Factors Influence Religious Life? Findings from a Behavior Genetic Analysis of Twin Siblings.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 47:529–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canetti-Nisim, Daphna. 2004. “The Effect of Religiosity on Endorsement of Democratic Values: The Mediating Influence of Authoritarianism.” Political Behavior 26:377–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daphna, Canetti-Nisim., and Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin. 2007. “The Effects of Authoritarianism, Religiosity, and ‘New Age’ Beliefs on Support for Democracy: Unraveling the Strands.” Review of Religious Research 48:369–384.Google Scholar
Clark, April K., and Eisenstein, Marie A.. 2013. “Interpersonal Trust: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis Revisited.” Social Science Research 42:361–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cutler, Stephen J., and Kaufman, Robert L.. 1975. “Cohort Changes in Political Attitudes: Tolerance of Ideological Conformity.” Public Opinion Quarterly 39:69–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daniels, Joseph P., and von der Ruhr, Marc 2008. “Trust in Others: Does Religion Matter?” Review of Social Economy 68:163–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Darren W. 1995. “Exploring Black Political Intolerance.” Political Behavior 17:1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, James A. 1975. “Communism, Conformity, Cohorts, and Categories: American Tolerance in 1954 and 1972–73.” American Journal of Sociology 81:491–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Darren W., and Silver, Brian D.. 2004. “Civil Liberties vs. Security: Public Opinion in the Context of the Terrorist Attacks on America.” American Journal of Political Science 48:28–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenstein, Marie A. 2006. “Rethinking the Relationship between Religion and Political Tolerance in the U.S.” Political Behavior 28:327–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellison, Christopher G. 1993. “Religious Involvement and Self-Perception among Black Americans.” Social Forces 71:1027–1055.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellison, Christopher G., Gay, David A., and Glass, Thomas A.. 1989. “Does Religious Commitment Contribute to Individual Life Satisfaction?” Social Forces 68:100–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francis, Leslie J. 2010. “Personality and Religious Orientation: Shifting Sands or Firm Foundations?” Mental Health, Religion, and Culture 13:793–803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaddy, Beverly. 2003. “Faith, Tolerance, and Civil Society.” In Faith, Morality, and Civil Society, eds. McConkey, Dale, and Lawler, Peter Augustine. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 159–195.Google Scholar
Gibson, James L. 1987. “Homosexuals and the Ku Klux Klan: A Contextual Analysis of Political Intolerance.” Western Political Quarterly 40:427–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, James L. 1992. “Alternative Measures of Political Tolerance: Must Tolerance be ‘Least-Liked’?” American Journal of Political Science 36:560–577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, James L. 2006. “Enigmas of Intolerance: Fifty Years after Stouffer's Communism, Conformity, and Civil Liberties. Perspectives on Politics 4:21–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, James L. 2010. “The Political Consequences of Religiosity: Does Religion Always Cause Political Intolerance?” In Religion and Democracy in the United States: Danger or Opportunity, eds. Wolfe, Alan, and Katznelson, Ira. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 147–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, John C., Guth, James L., Kellstedt, Lyman A., and Smidt, Corwin E.. 1994. “Uncivil Challenges? Support for Civil Liberties Among Religious Activists.” The Journal of Political Science 22:25–49.Google Scholar
Hunsberger, Bruce. 1995. “Religion and Prejudice: The Role of Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Right-Wing Authoritarianism.” Journal of Social Issues 51:113–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunsberger, Bruce, and Jackson, Lynne M.. 2005. “Religion, Meaning, and Prejudice.” Journal of Social Issues 61:807–826.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurwitz, Jon, and Mondak, Jeffery J.. 2002. “Democratic principles, discrimination and political intolerance.” British Journal of Political Science 32:93–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jelen, Ted G. 1991. The Political Mobilization of Religious Beliefs. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Jelen, Ted G., and Wilcox, Clyde. 1991. “Religious Dogmatism among White Christians: Causes and Effects.” Review of Religious Research 33:32–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellstedt, Lyman A. 1993. “Religion, the Neglected Variable: An Agenda for Future Research on Religion and Political Behavior.” In Rediscovering the Religious Factor in American Politics, eds. Leege, David C., and Kellstedt, Lyman A.. Armond, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 273–303.Google Scholar
Kellstedt, Lyman A., and Green, John C.. 1993. “Knowing God's Many People: Denominational Preference and Political Behavior.” In Rediscovering the Religious Factor in American Politics, eds. Leege, David C., and Kellstedt, Lyman A.. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 53–71.Google Scholar
Kellstedt, Lyman A., and Smidt, Corwin E.. 1993. “Doctrinal Beliefs and Political Behavior: Views of the Bible.” In Rediscovering the Religious Factor in American Politics, eds. Leege, David C., and Kellstedt, Lyman A.. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 177–198.Google Scholar
Kellstedt, Lyman A., Green, John C., Guth, James L., and Smidt, Corwin W.. 1994. “Religious Voting Blocs in the 1992 Election: The Year of the Evangelical?” Sociology of Religion 55:307–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellstedt, Lyman A., Green, John C., Guth, James L., and Smidt, Corwin E.. 1996. “Grasping the Essentials: The Social Embodiment of Religion and Political Behavior.” In Religion and the Culture Wars, eds. Green, John C., Guth, James L., Smidt, Corwin E., and Kellstedt, Lyman A.. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 174–191.Google Scholar
Keonig, Harold G., McCullough, Michael E., and Larson, David B.. 2001. Handbook of Religion and Health. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keonig, Laura B., and Bouchard, Thomas J. Jr. 2006. “Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Traditional Moral Values Triad — Authoritarianism, Conservatism, and Religiousness — as Assessed by Quantitative Behavior Genetic Methods.” In Where God and Science Meet: How Brain and Evolutionary Studies Alter Our Understanding of Religion, eds. McNamara, Patrick. Westport, CT: Praeger, 31–60.Google Scholar
Layman, Geoffrey C. 1997. “Religion and Political Behavior in the United States: The Impact of Beliefs, Affiliation, and Commitment from 1980 to 1994.” Public Opinion Quarterly 61:288–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Layman, Geoffrey C., and Green, John C.. 1998. “The Changing Religious Voter: The Political Impact of Belonging, Believing, and Behaving.” Delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association April 23–25: Chicago, Illinois.Google Scholar
Laythe, Brian, Finkel, Deborah G., Bringle, Robert G., and Kirkpatrick, Lee A.. 2002. “Religious Fundamentalism as a Predictor of Prejudice: A Two-Component Model.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 41:623–635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leak, Gary K., and Randall, Brandy A.. 1995. “Clarification of the Link between Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Religiousness: The Role of Religious Maturity.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 34:245–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, George E., Sullivan, John L., Theiss-Morse, Elizabeth, and Wood, Sandra L.. 1995. With Malice Toward Some: How People Make Civil Liberties Judgments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClosky, Herbert, and Brill, Alida. 1983. Dimensions of Tolerance: What Americans Believe about Civil Liberties. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
McCormick, Richard L. 1986 Party, Period and Public Policy: American Politics from the Age of Jackson to the Progressive Era. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mondak, Jeffery J., and Sanders, Mitchell S.. 2003. “Tolerance and Intolerance, 1976–1988.” American Journal of Political Science 47:492–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nunn, Clyde Z., Crockett, Harry J. Jr., and Williams, J. Allen Jr. 1978. Tolerance for Nonconformity. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Olson, Laura R., and Green, John C.. 2006. “The Religion Gap.” PS: Political Science & Politics 39:455–459.Google Scholar
Peffley, Mark, Knigge, Pia, and Hurwitz, Jon. 2001. “A Multiple Values Model of Political Tolerance.” Political Research Quarterly 54:379–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peffley, Mark, and Sigelman, Lee. 1990. “Intolerance of Communists during the McCarthy Era: A General Model.” Western Political Quarterly 43:93–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, Robert D. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Rokeach, Milton. 1960. The Open and Closed Mind. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Rotter, Julian B. 1967. “A New Scale for the Measurement of Interpersonal Trust.” Journal of Personality 35:651–665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schoenfeld, Eugen. 1978. “Image of Man: The Effect of Religion on Trust — A Research Note.” Review of Religious Research 20:61–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smidt, Corwin E., and Penning, James M.. 1982. “Religious Commitment, Political Conservatism, and Political and Social Tolerance in the United States: A Longitudinal Analysis.” Sociological Analysis 43:231–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smidt, Corwin. 1999. “Religion and Civic Engagement: A Comparative Analysis.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 565:176–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Tom W. 1997. “Factors Relating to Misanthropy in Contemporary American Society.” Social Science Research 26:170–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sniderman, Paul. 1975. Personality and Democratic Politics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Steensland, Brian, Park, Jerry Z., Regnerus, Mark D., Robinson, Lynn D., Wilcox, W. Bradford, and Woodberry, Robert D.. 2000. “The Measure of American Religion: Toward Improving the State of the Art.” Social Forces 79:291–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stouffer, Samuel. [1955] 1992. Communism, Conformity & Civil Liberties: A Cross-Section of the Nation Speaks its Mind. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Sullivan, John L., and Hendriks, Henriët. 2009. Public Support for Civil Liberties Pre-and Post- 9/11.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 5:375–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, John L., Piereson, James E., and Marcus, George E. 1979. “An Alternative Conceptualization of Political Tolerance: Illusory Increases 1950s–1970s.” The American Political Science Review 73:781–794 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, John L., and Transue, John E.. 1999. “The Psychological Underpinnings of Democracy: A Selective Review of Research on Political Tolerance, Interpersonal Trust, and Social Capital.” Annual Review of Psychology 50:625–650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sullivan, John. L., Marcus, George E., Feldman, Stanley, and Piereson, James E.. 1981. “The Sources of Political Tolerance: A Multivariate Analysis.” The American Political Science Review 75:92–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, John. L., Piereson, James E., and Marcus, George E.. 1982. Political Tolerance and American Democracy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Uslaner, Eric M. 2000–2001. “Producing and Consuming Trust.” Political Science Quarterly 115:569–590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vance, Todd, Maes, Hermine H., and Kendler, Kenneth S.. 2010. “Genetic and Environmental Influences on Multiple Dimensions of Religiosity: A Twin Study.” The Journal of Mental and Nervous Disorders 198:755–761.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Welch, Michael R., Sikkink, David, Sartain, Eric, and Bond, Carolyn. 2004. “Trust in God and Trust in Man: The Ambivalent Role of Religion in Shaping Dimensions of Social Trust.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 43:317–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcox, Clyde. 1986. “Fundamentalists and Politics: An Analysis of the Effects of Differing Operational Definitions.” Journal of Politics 48:1041–1051.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcox, Clyde, and Jelen, Ted G.. 1990. “Evangelicals and Political Tolerance.” American Politics Quarterly 18:25–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcox, Clyde, Jelen, Ted G., and Leege, David C.. 1993. “Religious Group Identifications: Toward a Cognitive Theory of Religious Mobilization.” In Rediscovering the Religious Factor in American Politics, eds. Leege, David C., and Kellstedt, Lyman A.. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 72–99.Google Scholar
Yamagishi, Toshio., and Yamagishi, Midori. 1994. “Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan.” Motivation and Emotion 18:129–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar