Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T00:27:34.245Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Holy Alliance between the Catholic Church and Constitution-Makers? The Diffusion of the Clause of Cooperation in Third Wave Democracies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 May 2017

Madalena Meyer Resende
Madalena Meyer Resende*
Affiliation:
NOVA University of Lisbon, Instituto Português de Relações Internacionais
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Madalena Meyer Resende, NOVA University of Lisbon, Instituto Português de Relações Internacionais, R. D. Estefânia, 195, 5° Dto 1000-155 Lisbon, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

What explains the adoption of the regime of cooperation between church and the state in the democratic constitutions of Spain and Poland, while Portugal maintained a regime of strict separation in the United States and French tradition? The explanation could be that a consensual constitution-making process resulted in a constitutional formula accommodating religion and guaranteeing religious freedoms. Alternatively, the constitutional regime of cooperation could result from the diffusion of international norms to national constitutions, in this case, the cosmopolitan law of the church. The article process-traces the constitution drafting processes and finds that the emergence of a constitutional consensus among secularist and constitutional drafters in Spain and Poland was based on the Vatican Council II doctrine and facilitated by the intervention of the Catholic hierarchies. In Portugal, the violent context of the revolution excluded the church, and the constitutional regime of strict separation between church and state was adopted.

Type
Articles
Information
Politics and Religion , Volume 11 , Issue 1 , March 2018 , pp. 55 - 78
Copyright
Copyright © Religion and Politics Section of the American Political Science Association 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Avillez, Maria João. 1996. Mário Soares: Ditadura e Revolução (Mário Soares: Dictatureship and Revolution). Lisboa: Círculo de Leitores.Google Scholar
Bali, Asli U., and Lerner, Hanna. 2017. “Introduction.” In Constitution Writing, Religion and Democracy, eds. Bali, Asli U., and Lerner, Hanna. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berman, Harold. 1983. Law and Revolution I: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bermeo, Nancy. 1987. “Redemocratization and Transition Elections: A Comparison of Spain and Portugal.” Comparative Politics 19:213–231; doi:10.2307/421799.Google Scholar
Bingen, Dieter. 1996. “Katholische Kirche Und Demokratie in Polen 1990–1995. Berichte des BIost 1/96 (The Catholic Church and Democracy in Poland 1990–1995).” Koln: Bundesinstitut für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien.Google Scholar
Borecki, Paweł. 2003. “Proces Kształtowania Się Modelu Relacji Państwo-Kościół W Konstytucji RP Z 2 Kwietnia 1997 R (The Process of Shaping the Model for the Relations between the State and the Church in the Polish Constitution of 1997).” Biuletynu stowarzyszenia na rzecz państwa neutralnego swiatopoglądowo, April. www.racjonalista.pl/kk.php/t,2684#_p16 (Accessed on November, 19, 2016).Google Scholar
Choudhry, Sujit. 2006. The Migration of Constitutional Ideas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Christians, Louis-Léon. 2006. “Religious Law and Secular Law in Democracy: The Evolutions of the Roman Catholic Doctrine after the Second Vatican Council.” Brigham Young University Law Review, 661.Google Scholar
Clímaco Leitão, Teresa. 2013. “A Igreja Católica e os partidos Democratas-Cristãos em contextos de transição para a democracia: Os casos de Portugal e Espanha (1974–1982)” (The Catholic Church and the Christian Democratic Parties in the Context of Transition to Democracy: The Cases of Portugal and Spain (1974–1982).” Doctoral Thesis, Lisbon: Instituto de Estudos Políticos da Universidade Católica Portuguesa.Google Scholar
Constitución Española (Spanish Constitution). 1978. www.congreso.es/consti/constitucion/ elaboracion/ses_cong_com.htm (Accessed on May 12, 2016)Google Scholar
Constituição da República Portuguesa (Constitution of the Portuguese Republic). 1976. www.tribunalconstitucional.pt/tc/crp.html# (Accessed on April, 24, 2016).Google Scholar
Constitutional Assembly of Portugal. 1975a. “Projectos de Constituição Apresentados pelo CDS, MDP/CDE, PCP, PPD, PS E UDP (Draft Constitutional Texts Presented by CDS, MDP/CDE, PCP, PPD, PS and UDP).” Diário Da Assembleia Constituinte 16:639–737.Google Scholar
Constitutional Assembly of Portugal. 1975b. “Debates Plenários sobre o Art. 15 (Plenary Debates on Article 15) .” Diário Da Assembleia Constituinte 41:1144–1153.Google Scholar
Constitutional Assembly of Portugal. 1975c. Diário Da Assembleia Constituinte 42:1180–1185.Google Scholar
Constitutional Commission of the Parliament of Poland. 1995. “Biuletyn XVII (17° Bulletin).” Warsaw.Google Scholar
Declaration on Religious Freedom. 1965. “Dignitatis Humanae, On the Right of the Person and of Communities to Social and Civil Freedom in Matters Religious, Promulgated by His Holiness Pope Paul VI.” www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651207_dignitatis-humanae_en.html (Accessed on January 14, 2016).Google Scholar
Elster, Jon. 2006. “Legislatures as Constituent Assemblies.” In The Least Examined Branch: The Role of Legislatures in the Constitutional State, eds. Bauman, R.W., and Kahana, T.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 181–197.Google Scholar
Ferrari, Silvio. 1997. “The Fundamental Agreement between the Holy See and Israel and the Conventions between States and the Church since the Vatican II Council.” Catholic University Law Review 47:385.Google Scholar
Ferrari, Silvio. 2008. “Costituzione e Religione (Constitutions and Religions).” Constitution and Religion 35:5–46.Google Scholar
Finnemore, Martha, and Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.” International Organization 52:887–917.Google Scholar
Fox, Jonathan. 2008. A World Survey of Religion and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Galeote, Geraldine. 2011. “Los debates en las Cortes Constituyentes de 1978 en torno al hecho religioso ya la no confesionalidad del Estado (The Debates in the Constitutional Assembly on the Religious Factor and the Non-confessionality of the State).” In La Laicización a Debate: Interpretación, Prácticas, Resistencias (España, Italia, Francia, América Latina) Siglos XIX–XXI (The Debate on Laicisation: Interpretations, Practices and Resistances (Spain, Italy, France and Latin America), ed. Genevois, D.B. Madrid: Institución Fernando el Católico, 155–174.Google Scholar
Garlicki, Lech, and Garlicka, Z.A.. 2010. “Constitution Making, Peace Building, and National Reconciliation: The Experience of Poland.” Framing the State in Times of Transition: Case Studies in Constitution Making, 350–390.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, Tom, Elkins, Zachary, and Blount, Justin. 2009. “Does the Process of Constitution-Making Matter?” Annual Review of Law and Social Sciences 5.Google Scholar
Goderis, Benedikt, and Versteeg, Mila. 2014. “The Diffusion of Constitutional Rights.” International Review of Law & Economics 39:1–19.Google Scholar
Grzymala-Busse, Anna Maria. 2015. Nations under God: How Churches Use Moral Authority to Influence Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gunther, Richard, and Blough, Roger A.. 1981. “Religious Conflict and Consensus in Spain: A Tale of Two Constitutions.” World Affairs 143:366.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen. 2006. “Religion in the Public Sphere.” European Journal of Philosophy 14:1–25.Google Scholar
Holmes, Stephen. 1995. “Constitution Watch: Poland.” East European Constitutional Review 4:17–20.Google Scholar
Holmes, Stephen. 1996. “Poland Update.” East European Constitutional Review 6.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1996. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Knill, Christoph. 2013. “The Study of Morality Policy: Analytical Implications from a Public Policy Perspective.” Journal of European Public Policy 20:309–317; doi:10.1080/13501763.2013.761494.Google Scholar
Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (Constitution of the Republic of Poland). 1997. www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/polski/kon1.htm (Accessed on October 3, 2015).Google Scholar
Krook, Mona Lena, and True, Jacqui. 2012. “Rethinking the Life Cycles of International Norms: The United Nations and the Global Promotion of Gender Equality.” European Journal of International Relations 18:103–127.Google Scholar
Künkler, Mirjam, and Leininger, Julia. 2009. “The Multi-Faceted Role of Religious Actors in Democratization Processes: Empirical Evidence from Five Young Democracies.” Democratization 16:1058–1092.Google Scholar
Law, David S., and Versteeg, Mila. 2011. “The Evolution and Ideology of Global Constitutionalism.” California Law Review 99:1163–1257.Google Scholar
Lerner, Hanna. 2013. “Permissive Constitutions, Democracy, and Religious Freedom in India, Indonesia, Israel, and Turkey.” World Politics 65:609–655.Google Scholar
Linz, Juan J. 1991. “Church and State in Spain from the Civil War to the Return of Democracy.” Daedalus 120:159–178.Google Scholar
Madeley, John. 2003. “European Liberal Democracy and the Principle of State Religious Neutrality.” West European Politics 26:1–22; doi:10.1080/01402380412331300177.Google Scholar
Mancini, Susanna. 2010. “The Crucifix Rage: Supranational Constitutionalism Bumps against the Counter-Majoritarian Difficulty.” European Constitutional Law Review 6:6–27.Google Scholar
Maxwell, Kenneth. 1995. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCrea, Ronan. 2009. “The Recognition of Religion within the Constitutional and Political Order of the European Union.” www.lse.ac.uk/europeanInstitute/LEQS/LEQSPaper10.pdf (Accessed on July 23, 2015).Google Scholar
Meyer Resende, Madalena. 2015. Catholicism and Nationalism: Changing Nature of Party Politics. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Meyer Resende, Madalena, and Hennig, Anja. 2015. “Shunning Direct Intervention: Explaining the Exceptional Behaviour of the Portuguese Church Hierarchy in Morality Politics.” New Diversities, 145.Google Scholar
Minkenberg, Michael. 2003. “The Policy Impact of Church–state Relations: Family Policy and Abortion in Britain, France, and Germany.” West European Politics 26:195–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osiatynski, Wiktor. 1994. “Poland's Constitutional Ordeal.” East European Constitutional Review 3.Google Scholar
Parliament of Spain. 1978a. “Sesiones del pleno del Congreso de los Diputados (Plenary Session of the Parliament of Spain).” Official Bulletin 44, January 5.Google Scholar
Parliament of Spain. 1978b. “Sesiones de la Comisión de Asuntos Constitucionales y Libertades Públicas (Sessions of the Commission of Constitutional Affairs and Public Freedoms).” Official Bulletin 35, May 18.Google Scholar
Parliament of Spain. 1978c. “Sesiones del Pleno del Congreso de los Diputados (Plenary Session of the Parliament of Spain).” Official Bulletin 69, July 7.Google Scholar
Parliament of Spain. 1978d. “Informe de la Ponencia (Draft of the Constitutional Committee).” Official Bulletin 82, April 17.Google Scholar
Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World. 1965. “Gaudium et Spes (The Joy and the Hope) www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html (Accessed on August 15, 2016).Google Scholar
Petkoff, Peter. 2014. “Concordat Agreements between the Holy See and the Post-Communist Countries (1990–2010).” Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 3:191–193.Google Scholar
Perreau-Saussine, Emile. 2012. Catholicism and Democracy: An Essay in the History of Political Thought. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Philpott, Daniel. 2004. “The Catholic Wave.” Journal of Democracy 15:32–46.Google Scholar
Polish Bishops Conference. 1995a. “Komunikat z 275. Konferencji Plenarnej Episkopatu Polski (Report of the 275 Plenary Session of Polish Bishops Conference).” L'Osservatore Romano, March 16–19.Google Scholar
Polish Bishops Conference. 1995b. “Komunikat Z 277. Zebrania Plenarnego Konferencji Episkopatu Polski (Report of the 277 Plenary Session of Polish Bishops Conference).” L'Osservatore Romano, June 17.Google Scholar
Polish Bishops Conference. 1997. “Komunikat z 288. Zebrania Plenarnego Konferencji Episkopatu Polski (Report of the 288 Plenary Session of Polish Bishops Conference).” L'Osservatore Romano, March 16.Google Scholar
Portier, Philippe. 2012. “State Regulation of Religion in Western European Countries.” In Politics of Religion in Western Europe: Modernities in Conflict?, eds. Foret, François, and Itçaina, Xabier. London: Routledge, 93–107.Google Scholar
Portuguese Bishops Conference. 1978. Documentos Pastorais, 1967–77. Lisboa: União Gráfica.Google Scholar
Przeciszewski, Marcin. 2013. “Sens mojego życia kształtowało chrześcijaństwo! (Interview with Tadeusz Mazowiecki: The Meaning Of My Life Is Shaped By Christianity).” www.deon.pl/religia/kosciol-i-swiat/komentarze/art,1380,sens-mojego-zycia-ksztaltowalo-chrzescijanstwo.html (Accessed on July 02, 2016).Google Scholar
Rezola, Maria Inácia. 2012. “O Movimento Das Forças Armadas e a Assembleia Constituinte na Revolução Portuguesa (1975–1976) (The Movement of the Armed Forces and the Constitutional Assembly in the Portuguese Revolution (1975–1976)).” História Constitucional 13:635–659.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, Michel. 2010. The Identity of the Constitutional Subject: Selfhood, Citizenship, Culture, and Community. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, Michel. 2014. “Recasting Secularism as One Conception of the Good Among Many in a Post-Secular Constitutional Polity.” In Constitutional Secularism in an Age of Religious Revival, eds. Mancini, Susanna, and Rosenfeld, Michel. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sajó, András. 2008. “Preliminaries to a Concept of Constitutional Secularism.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 6:605–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salgado Matos, L. 2001. “A Igreja Na Revolução Em Portugal (1974–1982) (The Church in the Portuguese Revolution (1974–1982).” O País Em Revolução, 63–131.Google Scholar
Spiewak, Pawel. 1997. “The Battle for a Constitution.” East European Constitutional Review 6:89.Google Scholar
Stepan, Alfred C. 2000. “Religion, Democracy, and the ‘Twin Tolerations.’” Journal of Democracy 11:37–57.Google Scholar
Thornhill, Chris. 2013. A Sociology of Constitutions: Constitutions and State Legitimacy in Historical-Sociological Perspective. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ziemer, Klaus. 2009. “Die Rolle der katholischen Kirche beim politischen Systemwechsel 1988 bis 1990 (The Role of the Catholic Church during the Change of the Political System).” In Polen: Kirche und Revolution: das Christentum in Ostmitteleuropa vor und nach 1989 (Poland: Church and Revolution: Central and Eastern Europe before and after 1989), eds. Veen, Hans-Joachim, März, Peter, and Schlichting, Franz-Josef. Köln: Böhlau, 75–100.Google Scholar