Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T17:02:09.294Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

God Talk in a Digital Age: How Members of Congress Use Religious Language on Twitter

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2020

Brittany H. Bramlett*
Affiliation:
University of Georgia
Ryan P. Burge
Affiliation:
Eastern Illinois University
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Brittany H. Bramlett, University of Georgia, Athens, GA. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

This article analyzes the use of religious language on Twitter by members of the U.S. Congress (MOCs). Politicians use various media platforms to communicate about their political agendas and their personal lives. In the United States, religious language is often part of the messaging from politicians to their constituents. This is done carefully and often strategically and across media platforms. With members of Congress increasingly using Twitter to connect with constituents on a regular basis, we want to explain who uses religious language on Twitter, when, and how. Using 1.5 million tweets scraped from members of Congress in April of 2018, we find that MOCs from both major political parties make use of a “religious code” on Twitter in order to send messages about their own identities as well as to activate the religious identities of their constituents. However, Republicans use the code more extensively and with Judeo-Christian-specific terms. Additionally, we discuss gender effects for the ways MOCs use “religious code” on Twitter.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © Religion and Politics Section of the American Political Science Association 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, J. Y. 2006. “Religion and Gender in the News: The Case of Promise Keepers, Feminists, and the ‘Stand in the Gap’.” Rally. Journal of Communication & Religion 29:224261.Google Scholar
Abelson, R. P., and Levi, A.. “1985. Decision Making and Decision Theory.” In The Handbook of Social Psychology, eds. Lindzey, G. and Aronson, E.. New York, NY: Random House, 231310.Google Scholar
Allen, M. 2013. “Michele Bachmann Not Running Again.” POLITICO. May 29, 2013. https://www.politico.com/story/2013/05/michele-bachmann-not-running-again-91972.html.Google Scholar
The American Presidency Project. 2016. “National Political Party Platforms: Parties Receiving Electoral Votes 1840–2016 [Data file].” Retrieved from https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/presidential-documents-archive-guidebook/national-political-party-platformsGoogle Scholar
Batson, C.D., Schoenrade, P., and Ventis, L.W. 1993. Religion and the Individual: A Social-Psychological Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bellah, R. N. 1967. “Civil Religion in America.” Daedalus, 96:121. https://www-jstor-org.proxy-remote.galib.uga.edu/stable/pdf/20027022.pdf.Google Scholar
Bernhard, U., Dohle, M., and Vowe, G. 2016. “Do Presumed Online Media Effects Have an Influence on the Online Activities of Politicians?Policy & Internet 8:7290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biggers, D. R. 2014. Morality at the Ballot: Direct Democracy and Political Engagement in the United States. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burge, R. P., and Williams, M.. 2019. “Is Social Media A Digital Pulpit? How Evangelical Leaders Use Twitter to Encourage the Faithful and Publicize Their Work.” Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture 8:6382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calfano, B. R., and Djupe, P. A. 2009. “God Talk: Religious Cues and Electoral Support.” Political Research Quarterly 62:329339. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27759871.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, A. 2010. “The 100 Most Influential Congressional Tweeters: Nancy Pelosi, Republicans Dominate.” Fast Company. November 18, 2010. https://www.fastcompany.com/1703747/100-most-influential-congressional-tweeters-nancy-pelosi-republicans-dominate.Google Scholar
Chapp, C. B. 2012. Religious Rhetoric and American Politics: The Endurance of Civil Religion in Electoral Campaigns. Cornell University Press: Ithaca.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claassen, R. 2015. Godless Democrats and Pious Republicans? Party Activists, Party Capture and the “God Gap”. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornwall, M. 1989. “Faith Development of Men and Women Over the Life Space.” In Aging and the Family, eds. Bahr, S.J. and Peterson, E.T.. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 115139.Google Scholar
Dancey, L., and Masand, J. 2019. “Race and Representation on Twitter: Members of Congress’ Responses to the Deaths of Michael Brown and Eric Garner.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 7:267286, https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2017.1354037.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Domke, D., and Coe, K.. 2008. The God Strategy: How Religion Became a Political Weapon in America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, H. K., Brown, K. J., and Wimberly, T. 2018. “‘Delete Your Account’: The 2016 Presidential Race on Twitter.” Social Science Computer Review 36:500508. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439317728722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, H. K., and Clark, J. H. 2016. “‘You Tweet Like a Girl!’: How Female Candidates Campaign on Twitter.” American Politics Research 44:327352. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X15597747.Google Scholar
Evans, H. K., Cordova, V., and Sipole, S. 2014. “Twitter Style: An Analysis of How House Candidates Used Twitter in Their 2012 Campaigns.” PS: Political Science & Politics 47:454462. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096514000389.Google Scholar
Gervais, B. T., and Morris, I. L.. 2014. “Black Tea, Green Tea, White Tea, and Coffee: Understanding the Variation in Attachment to the Tea Party Among Members of Congress.” Available at SSRN: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2484776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilligan, C. 1982. In a Different Voice; Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Glassman, M. E., Straus, J. R., and Shogan, C. J.. 2010. “Social Networking and Constituent Communications: Member Use of Twitter During a Two-Month Period in the 111th Congress.” CRS Report for Congress, Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41066.pdf.Google Scholar
Gutterman, D. S., and Murphy, A. R.. 2015. Political Religion and Religious Politics: Navigating Identities in the United States. New York, NY: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemphill, L., Otterbacher, J., and Shapiro, M.. 2013. What's Congress Doing on Twitter? In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW ‘13, New York, NY, USA: ACM, 877886. https://doi.org/10.1145/2441776.2441876.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, C. 2019. “The God Card: Strategic Employment of Religious Language in U.S. Presidential Discourse.” International Journal of Communication 13:528549. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/8484.Google Scholar
Kearney, M. W. 2018. “Rtweet: Collecting Twitter Data.” https://cran.r-project.org/package=rtweet.Google Scholar
Kittilson, M.C., and Fridkin, K. 2008. “Gender, Candidate Portrayals and Election Campaigns: A Comparative Perspective.” Politics & Gender 4:371392.Google Scholar
Lange, J. 2017. “Marco Rubio Has Been Subtweeting Trump with Bible Verses All Summer.” The Week. August 23, 2017.Google Scholar
Layman, G. 2001. The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Leary, M. R., and Kowalski, R. M. 1990. “Impression Management: A Literature Review and Two-Component Model.” Psychological Bulletin 107:3447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieber, P. S., and Golan, G. J.. 2011. “Political Public Relations, News Management, and Agenda Indexing.” In Political Public Relations: Principles and Applications, eds. Stromback, J. and Kiousis, S.. New York, NY: Routledge, 5474.Google Scholar
McGraw, K. 2003. “Political Impressions: Formation Management.” In Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, eds. Sears, D. O., Huddy, L., and Jervis, R.. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 394432.Google Scholar
McGregor, S. C. 2017. “Personalization, Social Media, and Voting: Effects of Candidate Self-Personalization on Vote Intention.” New Media & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816686103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meeks, L. 2016. “Aligning and Trespassing: Candidates’ Party-Based Issue and Trait Ownership on Twitter.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 93:10501072.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mullikin, P.L. 2006. “Religious and Spiritual Identity: The Impact of Gender, Family, Peers and Media Communication in Post-Adolescence.” Journal of Communication and Religion 29:178203.Google Scholar
Niven, D., and Zilber, J. 2001. “Do Women and Men in Congress Cultivate Different Images? Evidence From Congressional Web Sites.” Political Communication 18:395405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panagopoulos, C. 2004. “Boy Talk/Girl Talk: Gender Differences in Campaign Communications Strategies.” Women & Politics 26:131155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pew Research Center. 2019. “Faith on the Hill: The Religious Composition of the 116th Congress.” January 3, 2019. https://www.pewforum.org/2019/01/03/faith-on-the-hill-116/.Google Scholar
Putnam, R. D., and Campbell, D. E.. 2010. American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Semnani, N. 2011. “Shimkus Tweets Serve a Higher Purpose.” Roll Call. June 3, 2011. https://www.rollcall.com/news/Shimkus-Tweets-Serve-a-Higher-Purpose-206176-1.html.Google Scholar
Shapiro, M. A., and Hemphill, L.. 2017. “Politicians and the Policy Agenda: Does Use of Twitter by the U.S. Congress Direct New York Times Content?Policy & Internet 9:109132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sterk, H. M. 2010. “Faith, Feminism and Scholarship: The Journal of Communication and Religion, 1999-2009.” Journal of Communication and Religion 33:206216.Google Scholar
Stone, B. 2009. “There's a List for That.” October 30, 2009. https://blog.twitter.com/official/en_us/a/2009/theres-a-list-for-that.html.Google Scholar
Tumasjan, A., Sprenger, T. O., Sandner, P. G., and Welpe, I. M.. 2010. “What 140 Characters Reveal about Political Sentiment.” Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, Proceedings of the Fourth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, 178-185. https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM10/paper/viewFile/1441/1852.Google Scholar
Wallsten, K. 2014. “Microblogging and the News: Political Elites and the Ultimate Retweet.” In Political Campaigning in the Information Age, eds. Solo, A. M. G. Hershey, PA: IGI Global, 128147. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-6062-5.ch007.Google Scholar
Yinger, J.M. 1970. The Scientific Study of Religion. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Zilber, J., and Niven, D.. 2000. Racialized Coverage of Congress: The News in Black and White. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar