Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T20:09:50.914Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Accommodation of Islamic Religious Practices and Democracy in the Post-Communist Muslim Republics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2013

Renat Shaykhutdinov
Renat Shaykhutdinov*
Affiliation:
Florida Atlantic University
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Renat Shaykhutdinov, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The literature on state accommodation of Muslim religious practices has focused on the regional context of Western Europe and North America. In this project, I identify and compare state policies toward Islamic religious practices using a sample of 22 former communist Muslim republics of Eurasia. For this purpose, I construct an original dataset collected from a variety of sources. Employing the number of mosques functioning in each post-communist Muslim republic as the measure of state accommodation of religious practices I find that among all factors the level of democracy is the single most important variable in explaining variation in accommodation of Islamic religious practices. To further demonstrate significance of these results I trace the process of democratic influence on state accommodation of religious policies examining in-depth the case of Tatars both in the pre-communist Imperial and revolutionary Russia and the contemporary republic of Tatarstan.

Type
Articles
Information
Politics and Religion , Volume 6 , Issue 3 , September 2013 , pp. 646 - 670
Copyright
Copyright © Religion and Politics Section of the American Political Science Association 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aminzade, Ronald R., and Perry, Elizabeth J.. 2001. “The Sacred, Religious, and Secular in Contentious Politics: Blurring Boundaries.” In Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics, eds. Aminzade, R.R., Goldstone, J.A., McAdam, D., Perry, E.J., Sewell, W.H. Jr., Tarrow, S., and Tilly, C.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Äxmätov (Akhmetov), Räşit (Rashid). 2011. “Vodolei (Aquarius).” Zvezda Povolzh'ia (The Volga Area Star), February 8. http://etatar.ru/top/39211 (Accessed on November 14, 2011).Google Scholar
Barro, Robert J., and McCleary, Rachel M.. 2005. “Which Countries Have State Religions?” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 120:1331–1370.Google Scholar
Bilz-Leonhardt, Marlies. 2007. “Islam as a Secular Discourse.” Religion, State and Society 35:231–144.Google Scholar
Bruce, Steve. 2002. God Is Dead: Secularization in the West. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Campana, Aurélie. 2007. “The Soviet Massive Deportations — A Chronology Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence.” November, 5. http://www.massviolence.org/The-Soviet-massive-deportations-A-chronology (Accessed on October 31, 2011).Google Scholar
Cesari, Jocelyne. 2004. When Islam and Democracy Meet: Muslims in Europe and in the United States. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Cummings, Sally N. 2004. “Islam in the Former Soviet Union.” The Global Review of Ethnopolitics 3:67–72.Google Scholar
Dassel, Kurt, and Reinhardt, Eric. 1999. “Domestic Strife and the Initiation of Violence at Home and Abroad.” American Journal of Political Science 43:56–85.Google Scholar
Davis, Howard, Hammond, Philip, and Nizamova, Lilia. 2000. “Media, Language Policy and Cultural Change in Tatarstan: Historic vs. Pragmatic Claims to Nationhood.” Nations and Nationalism 6:203–226.Google Scholar
Faller, Helen M. 2002. “Repossessing Kazan as a Form of Nation-building in Tatarstan, Russia.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 22:81–90.Google Scholar
Fetzer, Joel S., and Soper, J. Christopher. 2005. Muslims and the State in Britain, France, and Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Filatov, Sergei. 1998. “Tatarstan: At the Crossroads of Islam and Orthodoxy.” Religion, State and Society 26:265–277.Google Scholar
Fish, M. Steven. 2002. “Islam and Authoritarianism.” World Politics 55:4–37.Google Scholar
Fox, Jonathan. 2006. “World Separation of Religion and State into the 21st Century.” Comparative Political Studies 39:537–569.Google Scholar
Fox, Jonathan. 2008. A World Survey of Religion and the State. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Galeev, Sultan. 2009. “Tatarskii Put' (The Tatar Path).” Zvezda Povolzh'ia (The Volga Area Star), June 4, 16.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 2005. “Shifting Aims, Moving Targets: On the Anthropology of Religion.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 11:1–15.Google Scholar
Gill, Anthony. 1996. The Political Origins of Religious Liberty. Ithacka, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Gorenburg, Dmitry P. 2003. Minority Ethnic Mobilization in the Russian Federation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gorenburg, Dmitry P. 2006. “Soviet Nationalities Policy and Assimilation.” In Rebounding Identities: The Politics of Identity in Russia and Ukraine, eds. Arel, D., and Ruble, B. A.. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.Google Scholar
Gurr, Ted Robert. 2000. “Nonviolence in Ethnopolitics: Strategies for the Attainment of Group Rights and Autonomy.” PS: Political Science & Politics 33:155–160.Google Scholar
Gurr, Ted Robert, and Moore, Will H.. 1997. “Ethnopolitical Rebellion: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the 1980s with Risk Assessments for the 1990s.” American Journal of Political Science 41:1079–1103.Google Scholar
Iskhakov, D.M., Sagitova, L.V., and Izmailov, I.L.. 2005. “The Tatar National Movement of the 1980s-90s.” Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia 43:11–44.Google Scholar
Kaiser, Robert J. 1994. The Geography of Nationalism in Russia and the USSR. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kamusella, Tomasz. 2011. “Silesian in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: A Language Caught in the Net of Conflicting Nationalisms, Politics, and Identities.” Nationalities Papers 39:769–789.Google Scholar
Keyder, Caglar. 1997. “The Ottoman Empire.” In After Empire: Multiethnic Societies and Nation-Building. The Soviet Union and the Russian, Ottoman and Habsburg Empires, eds. Barkey, K., and von Hagen, M.. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Klausen, Jytte. 2005. The Islamic Challenge: Politics and Religion in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kuru, Ahmet T. 2007. “Passive and Assertive Secularism: Historical Conditions, Ideological Struggles, and State Policies toward Religion.” World Politics 59:568–594.Google Scholar
Kuru, Ahmet T. 2008. “Secularism, State Policies, and Muslims in Europe: Analyzing French Exceptionalism.” Comparative Politics 41:1–19.Google Scholar
Kuru, Ahmet T. 2009. Secularism and State Policies toward Religion: The United States, France, and Turkey. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lapidoth, Ruth. 1997. Autonomy: Flexible Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lindquist, Galina, and Handelman, Don. 2011. Religion, Politics, and Globalization: Anthropological Approaches. New York, NY: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Matsuzato, Kimitaka. 2007. “Muslim Leaders in Russia's Volga-Urals: Self-Perceptions and Relationship with Regional Authorities.” Europe-Asia Studies 59:779–805.Google Scholar
Möxämmätşin (Mukhametshin), Rafik M. 2002. “Konfessional'nyi Faktor i Problema Sokhraneniia Edinstva Tatar (Confessional Factor and the Problem of Preserving the Unity of Tatars).” In Edinstvo Tatarskoi Natsii (Unity of the Tatar Nation), eds. Khasanov, M.K., Iskhakov, D.M., Khakimov, R.S., Khisamov, N.S., Khairullov, D.S., Valeev, N.M., and Khairutdinov, R.R.Kazan: Fän (Fen).Google Scholar
Möxämmätşin (Mukhametshin), Rafik M. 2009. “Osnovnye Etapy Vozvrashcheniia Islama i Obshchestvenno-Politicheskuiu Zhizn' v Volgo-Ural'skom Regione (Main Phases of Islam's Return in the Socio-Political Life of the Volga-Urals Region).” In Konfessional'nyi Faktor v Razvitii Tatar: Kontseptual'nye Issledovaniia (Confessional Factor in the Development of Tatars: Conceptual Research), ed. İsxaqov, D. M. (Iskhakov). Kazan: Institut Istorii Im. Sh. Marjani AN RT; Rossiiskii Islamskii Universitet.Google Scholar
Musina, R. N. 2009. “Islam i Problemy Identichnosti Tatar v Postsovetskii Period (Islam and the Problems of Tatar Identity in the Post-Soviet Period).” In Konfessional'nyi Faktor v Razvitii Tatar: Kontseptual'nye Issledovaniia (Confessional Factor in the Development of Tatars: Conceptual Research), ed. Iskhakov, D.M.Kazan: Institut Istorii Im. Sh. Marjani AN RT; Rossiiskii Islamskii Universitet.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa, and Inglehart, Ronald. 2004. Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Olson, Mancur. 1984. The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Riker, William H. 1964. Federalism: Origin, Operation, Significance. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, and Company.Google Scholar
Roeder, Philip G. 1999. “Peoples and States after 1989: The Political Costs of Incomplete National Revolutions.” Slavic Review 58:854–882.Google Scholar
Rotar, Igor. 2005. “Islam and Karimov.” http://www.tol.org/client/article/13682-islam-and-karimov.html (Accessed on November 23, 2011).Google Scholar
Rothchild, Donald, and Hartzell, Caroline. 2000. “Security in Deeply Divided Societies: The Role of Territorial Autonomy.” In Identity and Territorial Autonomy in Plural Societies, eds. Safran, W., and Máiz, R.. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Sagitova, L.V. 2009. “Regional'nye i Lokal'nye Aspekty Islama v Povolzh'e: Sotsial'nye Osnovaniia Razlichii (Regional and Local Aspects of Islam in the Volga Area: The Social Foundations of Difference).” In Konfessional'nyi Faktor v Razvitii Tatar: Kontseptual'nye Issledovaniia (Confessional Factor in the Development of Tatars: Conceptual Research), ed. Iskhakov, D.M.Kazan: Institut Istorii Im. Sh. Marjani AN RT; Rossiiskii Islamskii Universitet.Google Scholar
Sambanis, Nicholas. 2004. “Using Case Studies to Expand Economic Models of Civil War.” Perspectives on Politics 2:259–279.Google Scholar
Sambanis, Nicholas, and Zinn, Annalisa. 2006. “From Protest to Violence: Conflict Escalation in Self-Determination Movements.”Google Scholar
Shaykhutdinov, Renat. 2010. “Give Peace a Chance: Nonviolent Protest and the Creation of Territorial Autonomy Arrangements.” Journal of Peace Research 47:179–191.Google Scholar
Tanrısever, Oktay F. 2001. “The Impact of the 1994 Russian-Tatar Power-Sharing Treaty on the Post-Soviet Tatar National Identity.” Slovo 13:43–60.Google Scholar
Tatari, Eren. 2009. “Theories of the State Accommodation of Islamic Religious Practices in Western Europe.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 35:271–288.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 2004. Social Movements, 1768–2004. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.Google Scholar
Toft, Monica Duffy. 2003. “The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests, and the Indivisibility of Territory.” Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Treisman, Daniel S. 2009. “Twenty Years of Political Transition.” Los Angeles, CA: University of California.Google Scholar
van Cott, Donna Lee. 2001. “Explaining Ethnic Autonomy Regimes in Latin America.” Studies in Comparative International Development 35:30–58.Google Scholar
Wilson, Sean. 2008. “On the Problems of Political Science and the Nonsense of Quantitative Ideology Models.” In Midwest Political Science Association. Chicago, IL.Google Scholar
Zagidullin, Ildus K. 2007. Islamskie Instituty v Rossiiskoi Imperii: Mecheti v Evropeiskoi Chasti Rossii i Sibiri. Kazan: Tatarskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo (Islamic Institutions in the Russian Empire: Mosques in the European Part of Russia and Siberia). Tatarstan Kitap Näşriyätı (Tatarstan Publishing House).Google Scholar