Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T06:13:33.923Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Seeing Gender over the Short and Long Haul

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 September 2007

Corrine M. McConnaughy
Affiliation:
The Ohio State University

Extract

One might break research questions about gender and politics over time into two basic categories. On the one hand, there are questions that speak to processes unfolding, perhaps rather slowly, over time. In this long-haul category, we might find studies of such things as generational shifts in patterns of attitudes about gendered political roles (Jennings 2006) or of the development of gendered national identities with evolving constitutional interpretations (Ritter 2006). On the other hand, there are inquiries about the dynamics, or instability, of shorter-run patterns. These intellectual pursuits might include seeking to explain short-haul phenomena like changes in partisan gaps between men and women, perhaps even within the duration of a single campaign season (Sapiro and Conover 1997). Both categories, of course, are incredibly important realms of inquiry. My argument is for improvements in our studies of shorter-term dynamics and, ultimately, for the integration of studies of both short- and long-run processes, with improved measurement and modeling strategies as the crucial tools we need to get there.

Type
Critical Perspectives on Gender and Politics
Copyright
Copyright © The Women and Politics Research Section of the American Political Science Association 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achen, Christopher. 2005. “Two-Step Hierarchical Estimation: Beyond Regression AnalysisPolitical Analysis 13 (Autumn): 447–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobo, Lawrence, and Hutchings, Vincent L.. 1996. “Perceptions of Racial Group Competition: Extending Blumer's Theory of Group Position to a Multiracial Social Context.” American Sociological Review 61 (December): 951–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobo, Lawrence, and Smith, Ryan A.. 1998. “From Jim-Crow Racism to Laissez-Faire Recism: The Transformation of Racial Attitudes in America.” In Beyond Pluralism: Essays on the Conception of Groups and Group Identities in America, ed. Katkin, Wendy, Landsman, Ned, and Tyree, Andrea. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 182220.Google Scholar
Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., DeBoef, Suzanna, and Lin, Tse-min. 2004. “The Dynamics of the Gender Gap.” American Political Science Review 98 (August): 515–28.Google Scholar
Conover, Pamela Johnston, and Sapiro, Virginia. 1993. “Gender, Feminist Consciousness, and War.” American Journal of Political Science 37 (November): 1079–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, Elizabeth Adell, and Wilcox, Clyde. 1991. “Feminism and the Gender Gap—A Second Look.” Journal of Politics 53 (November): 1111–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberle. [1991]1997. “Beyond Racism and Misogyny: Black Feminism and 2 Live Crew.” In Women Transforming Politics: An Alternative Reader, ed. Cohen, C., Jones, K., and Tronto, J.. New York: New York University Press, 549–68.Google Scholar
Dawson, Michael. 1994. Behind the Mule. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Dolan, Kathleen. 1998. “Voting for Women in the ‘Year of the Woman.’American Journal of Political Science 42 (January): 272–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franzese, Robert J. 2005. “Empirical Strategies for Various Manifestations of Multilevel Data.” Political Analysis 13 (Autumn): 430–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilens, Martin. 1996. “‘Race Coding’ and White Opposition to Welfare.” American Political Science Review 90 (September): 593604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gurin, Patricia, Miller, Arthur H., and Gurin, Gerald. 1980. “Stratum Identification and Consciousness.” Social Psychology Quarterly 43 (March): 3047.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurwitz, Jon, and Peffley, Mark. 2005. “Playing the Race Card in the Post–Willie Horton Era: The Impact of Racialized Code Words on Support for Punitive Crime Policy.” Public Opinion Quarterly 69 (Spring): 99112.Google Scholar
Jennings, M. Kent. 2006. “The Gender Gap in Attitudes and Beliefs about the Place of Women in American Political Life: A Longitudinal, Cross-Generational Analysis.” Politics & Gender 2 (2): 193219.Google Scholar
Jones-Correa, Michael, and Leal, David. 1996. “Becoming ‘Hispanic’: Secondary Pan-Ethnic Identification Among Latin American-Origin Populations in the United States.” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 18 (2): 214–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufmann, Karen, and Petrocik, John 1999. “The Changing Politics of American Men: Understanding the Sources of the Gender Gap.” American Journal of Political Science 43 (July): 864–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinder, Donald R., and Sears, David O.. 1981. “Prejudice and Politics: Symbolic Racism versus Racial Threats to the Good Life.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40 (March): 414–31.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R., and Sanders, Lynn. 1996. Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
King, Deborah. 1988. “Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness: The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology.” Signs 14 (Autumn): 4272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, Jeffrey W. 2000. “Do Citizens Apply Gender Stereotypes to Infer Candidates' Ideological Orientations?Journal of Politics 62 (May): 414–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, Jeffrey, Carmines, Edward G., and Sniderman, Paul M.. 1999. “The Empirical Dimensionality of Racial Stereotypes.” Public Opinion Quarterly 63 (Autumn): 371–84.Google Scholar
Mendelberg, Tali. 2001. The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Warren, and Shanks, J. Merrill. 1996. The New American Voter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Plutzer, Eric, and Zipp, John F.. 1996. “Identity Politics, Partisanship, and Voting for Women Candidates.” Public Opinion Quarterly 60 (Spring): 3057.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raudenbush, S., and Bryk, A. S.. 2002. Hierarchical Linear Models. 2d ed. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Ritter, Gretchen. 2006. The Constitution as Social Design: Gender and Civic Membership in the American Constitutional Order. Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanbonmatsu, Kira. 2002. “Gender Stereotypes and Vote Choice.” American Journal of Political Science 46 (January): 2034.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sapiro, Virginia. 1981. “If U.S. Senator Baker Were a Woman: An Experimental Study of Candidate Images.” Political Psychology 2 (Spring): 6183.Google Scholar
Sapiro, Virginia. 2003. “Theorizing Gender in Political Psychology Research.” In Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, ed. Sears, D., Huddy, L., and Jervis, R.. New York: Oxford University Press, 601–34.Google Scholar
Sapiro, Virginia and Conover, Pamela. 1997. “The Variable Gender Basis of Electoral Politics: Gender and Context in the 1992 Elections.” British Journal of Political Science 27 (October): 497523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuman, Howard, Steeh, Charlotte, Bobo, Lawrence, and Krysan, Maria. 1997. Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Stewart, Abigail, and McDermott, Christa. 2004. “Gender in Psychology.” Annual Review of Psychology 55: 519–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valentino, Nicholas A., Hutchings, Vincent L., and White, Ismail K.. 2002. “Cues that Matter: How Political Ads Prime Racial Attitudes During Campaigns.” American Political Science Review 96 (March): 7590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welch, Susan and Hibbing, John. 1992. “Financial Conditions, Gender, and Voting in American National Elections.” Journal of Politics 54 (February): 197213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welch, Susan and Sigelman, Lee. 1989. “Is There a Gender Gap among Blacks?Social Science Quarterly 70 (March): 120–33.Google Scholar
White, Ismail K. 2007. “When Race Matters and When It Doesn't: Racial Group Differences in Response to Racial Cues.” American Political Science Review 101 (May): 339–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wirls, Daniel. 1986. “Reinterpreting the Gender Gap.” Public Opinion Quarterly 50 (Autumn): 316–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar