Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T09:57:06.515Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Religious Power, the State, Women's Rights, and Family Law

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 September 2015

Mala Htun  and
S. Laurel Weldon
Mala Htun
Affiliation:
University of New Mexico
S. Laurel Weldon
Affiliation:
Purdue University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Family law is an essential dimension of women's citizenship in the modern state. The rights established in family law shape women's agency and autonomy; they also regulate access to basic resources—such as land, income, and education—that determine a citizen's ability to earn a living independently, among other life chances (Agarwal 1994; Deere and León 2001; Kabeer 1994; Okin 1989; World Bank 2012). Yet family law is a notorious site of sex inequality, historically and in the present. Equal rights enjoyed by women in national constitutions are often contradicted by family and civil codes that subordinate women to the decisions of their husbands and fathers. In the early 21st century, family law in a significant number of countries discriminated against women, denying them the rights held by men and contributing to their disadvantaged social positions.

Type
Research Article
Information
Politics & Gender , Volume 11 , Issue 3 , September 2015 , pp. 451 - 477
Copyright
Copyright © The Women and Politics Research Section of the American Political Science Association 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abu-Odeh, Lama. 2004. “Modernizing Muslim Family Law: The Case of Egypt.” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 37: 1043–146.Google Scholar
Adams, Julia. 2005. The Familial State: Ruling Families and Merchant Capitalism in Early Modern Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Agarwal, Bina. 1994. A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ahmed, Leila. 1992. Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Alexander, Amy C., and Welzel, Christian. 2009. “Islam's Patriarchal Effect: Spurious or Genuine?” August 19. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1458000 (accessed May 17, 2012).Google Scholar
Badran, Margot. 2009. Feminism in Islam: Secular and Religious Convergences. Oxford: Oneworld.Google Scholar
Balchin, Cassandra. 2009. “Family Law in Contemporary Muslim Contexts: Triggers and Strategies for Change.” In Wanted: Equality and Justice in the Muslim Family, ed. Anwar, Zainah. Kuala Lumpur: Musawah, 209–36.Google Scholar
Baraza, Nancy. 2009. “Family Law Reforms in Kenya: An Overview.” Presented at the Henrich Böll Foundation's Gender Forum, Nairobi.Google Scholar
Bauer, David, and Ameringer, Carl F.. 2010. “A Framework for Identifying Similarities among Countries to Improve Cross-National Comparisons of Health Systems.” Health & Place 16 (6): 1129–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bayat, Asef. 2007. Making Islam Democratic: Social Movements and the Post-Islamist Turn. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blofield, Merike. 2006. The Politics of Moral Sin: Abortion and Divorce in Spain, Chile, and Argentina. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Blofield, Merike, and Haas, Liesl. 2005. “Defining a Democracy: Reforming the Laws on Women's Rights in Chile, 1990–2002.” Latin American Politics and Society 47 (3): 35–68.Google Scholar
Brambor, Thomas, Clark, William Roberts, and Golder, Matt. 2005. “Understanding Interaction Models: Improving Empirical Analyses.” Political Analysis 14 (1): 63–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braun, Robert. N.d. Religious Minorities and Resistance to Genocide: The Collective Rescue of Jews During the Holocaust . Ph.D. diss. Cornell University. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Butler, Judith. 1995. “Contingent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of ‘Postmodernism.’” In Feminist Contentions, ed. Benhabib, Seyla, Butler, Judith, Cornell, Drucilla, and Fraser, Nancy. New York: Routledge, 35–57.Google Scholar
Casanova, José. 1994. Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castles, Frances G. 1998. Comparative Public Policy: Patterns of Post-War Transformation. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Charrad, Mounira. 2001. States and Women's Rights: The Making of Postcolonial Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. Berkeley: The University of California Press.Google Scholar
Chaves, Mark, and Cann, David E.. 1992. “Regulation, Pluralism, and Religious Market Structure: Explaining Religions Vitality.” Rationality and Society 4 (3): 272–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cherif, Feryal M. 2010. “Culture, Rights, and Norms: Woman's Rights Reform in Muslim Countries.” Journal of Politics 72 (4): 1144–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, Martin, Hine, David, and Irving, R.E.M.. 1974. “Divorce—Italian Style.” Parliamentary Affairs 27 (4): 333–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cott, Nancy F. 2000. Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Creppell, Ingrid. 2010. “Secularization: Religion and the Roots of Innovation in the Political Sphere.” In Religion and the Political Imagination, ed. Katznelson, Ira and Jones, Gareth Stedman. New York: Cambridge University Press, 23–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deere, Carmen Diana, and León, Magdalena. 2001. Empowering Women: Land and Property Rights in Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donno, Daniela, and Russett, Bruce. 2004. “Islam, Authoritarianism, and Female Empowerment: What are the Linkages?” World Politics 56 (4): 582–607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dore, Elizabeth. 2000. “One Step Forward, Two Steps Back: Gender and the State in the Long Nineteenth Century.” In Hidden Histories of Gender and the State in Latin America, ed. Dore, Elizabeth and Molyneux, Maxine. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Driessen, Michael D. 2010. “Religion, State, and Democracy: Analyzing Two Dimensions of Church-State Arrangements.” Politics and Religion 3 (1): 55–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 2009. Incomplete Revolution: Adapting Welfare States to Women's New Roles. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Esposito, John L., and DeLong-Bas, Natana. 2001. Women in Muslim Family Law. 2nd ed. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Fish, M. Steven. 2002. “Islam and Authoritarianism.” World Politics 55 (1): 4–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, Jonathan. 2008. A World Survey of Religion and the State. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, Jonathan. 2013. An Introduction to Religion and Politics. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuess, Harald. 2004. Divorce in Japan: Family, Gender and the State 1600–2000. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Gill, Anthony. 1998. Rendering Unto Caesar: The Catholic Church and the State in Latin America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gill, Anthony. 2001. “Religion and Comparative Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 4: 17–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glendon, Mary Ann. 1987. Abortion and Divorce in Western Law. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Glendon, Mary Ann. 1989. The Transformation of Family Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gornick, Janet C., and Meyers, Marcia K.. 2003. Families that Work: Policies for Reconciling Parenthood and Employment. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Grim, Brian J., and Finke, Roger. 2006. “International Religion Indices: Government Regulation, Government Favoritism, and Social Regulation of Religion.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 2 (1): 1–40.Google Scholar
Gryzmala-Busse, Anna. 2012. “Why Comparative Politics Should Take Religion (More) Seriously.” Annual Review of Political Science 15: 421–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutierrez, Gustavo. 1973. A Theology of Liberation: History, Politics, and Salvation. New York: Orbis Books.Google Scholar
Hagopian, Frances. 2009. “Social Justice, Moral Values, or Institutional Interests? Church Responses to the Democratic Challenge in Latin America.” In Religious Pluralism, Democracy, and the Catholic Church in Latin America, ed. Hagopian, Frances. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame, 257–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hajjar, Lisa. 2004. “Religion, State Power, and Domestic Violence in Muslim Societies: A Framework for Comparative Analysis.” Law & Social Inquiry 29 (1): 1–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halperin-Kaddari, Ruth. 2003. Women in Israel: A State of Their Own. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Hasan, Zoya. 2010. “Gender, Religion, and Democratic Politics in India.” Third World Quarterly 31 (6): 939–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hegel, G.W.F. 1999. Elements of the Philosophy of Right, ed. Wood, Allen W.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Htun, Mala. 2003. Sex and the State: Abortion, Divorce and the Family under Latin American Dictatorships and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Htun, Mala. 2009. “Life, Liberty and Family Values: Church and State in the Struggle Over Abortion in Latin America.” In Contemporary Catholicism, Religious Pluralism, and Democracy in Latin America, ed. Hagopian, Frances. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Htun, Mala, and Weldon, S. Laurel. 2010. “When do Governments Promote Women's Rights? A Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Sex Equality Policy.” Perspectives on Politics 8 (1): 207–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Htun, Mala, and Weldon, S. Laurel. 2012. “The Civic Origins of Progressive Policy Change: Combating Violence against Women in Global Perspective.” American Political Science Review 106 (3): 548–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson, Valerie M., Bowen, Donna Lee, and Nielsen, Perpetua Lynne. 2011. “What is the Relationship between Inequality in Family Law and Violence against Women? Approaching the Issue of Legal Enclaves.” Politics & Gender 7 (4): 453–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hug, Simon. 2003. “Selection Bias in Comparative Research: The Case of Incomplete Data Sets.” Political Analysis 11 (3): 255–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iannaccone, Laurence R. 1991. “The Consequences of Religious Market Regulation: Adam Smith and the Economics of Religion.” Rationality and Society 3 (2): 156–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iannaccone, Laurence R., Finke, Roger, and Stark, Rodney. 1997. “Deregulating Religion: The Economics of Church and State.” Economic Inquiry 35 (2): 350–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald, and Norris, Pippa. 2003. Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald, and Norris, Pippa. 2004. Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jackman, Robert W. 1985. “Cross-National Statistical Research and the Study of Comparative Politics.” American Journal of Political Science 29 (1): 161–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jelen, Ted Gerard, and Wilcox, Clyde. 2002. “Religion: The One, the Few, and the Many.” In Religion and Politics in Comparative Perspective: The One, The Few, and The Many, ed. Jelen, Ted Gerard and Wilcox, Clyde. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joseph, Suad. 1991. “Elite Strategies for State Building: Women, Family, Religion and State in Iraq and Lebanon.” In Women, Islam and the State, ed. Kandiyoti, Deniz. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Kabeer, Naila. 1991. “The Quest for National Identity: Women, Islam, and the State in Bangladesh.” In Women, Islam and the State, ed. Kandiyoti, Deniz. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Kabeer, Naila. 1994. Reversed Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Kahl, Sigrun. 2005. “The Religious Roots of Modern Poverty Policy: Catholic, Lutheran and Reformed Protestant Traditions Compared.” European Journal of Sociology 46(1): 91–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalyvas, Stathis. 1996. The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kandiyoti, Deniz. 1991b. “Introduction.” In Women, Islam and the State, ed. Kandiyoti, Deniz. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kang, Alice J. 2010. “Bargaining with Islam: Of Rule, Religion and Women in Niger.” Ph.D diss. University of Wisconsin-Madison.Google Scholar
Katznelson, Ira, and Stedman Jones, Gareth. 2010. “Introduction: Multiple Secularities.” In Religion and the Political Imagination, ed. Katznelson, Ira and Jones, Gareth Stedman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerber, Linda J. 1998. No Constitutional Rights to be Ladies: Women and the Obligations of Citizenship. New York: Hill and Wang.Google Scholar
Kersbergen, Kees van, and Manow, Philip, eds. 2009. Religion, Class Coalitions, and Welfare States. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohn, Melvin L., ed. 1989. Cross-National Research in Sociology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Landes, Joan B. 1988. Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Rokkan, Stein. 1967. “Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction.” In Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives, ed. Lipset, Seymour Martin and Rokkan, Stein. New York: The Free Press, 1–64.Google Scholar
Livingstone, Sonia. 2003. “On the Challenges of Cross-National Comparative Media Research.” European Journal of Communication, 18 (4): 477–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Locke, John. 1988. Two Treaties of Government. Ed. Peter Laslett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lowi, Theodore. 1964. “American Business, Public Policy, Case-Studies, and Political Theory.” World Politics 16 (4): 677–715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manow, Philip. 2004. “The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly—Esping-Andersen's Regime Typology and the Religious Roots of the Western Welfare State.” MPIfG Working Paper 04/3, at http://www.mpifg.de/pu/workpap/wp04-3/wp04-3.html (accessed June 22, 2015).Google Scholar
Manow, Philip., and van Kersbergen, Kees. 2009. “Religion and the Western Welfare State: The Theoretical Context. In Religion, Class Coalitions, and Welfare States, ed. Manow, Philip and Van Kersbergen, Kees. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1–38.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott. 1986. The Catholic Church and Politics in Brazil, 1916–1985. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Minkenberg, Michael. 2002. “Religion and Public Policy.” Comparative Political Studies 35 (2): 221–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minkenberg, Michael. 2003. “The Policy Impact of Church-State Relations: Family Policy and Abortion in Britain, France, and Germany.” West European Politics 26 (1): 195–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minow, Martha. 1987. “We, the Family: Constitutional Rights and American Families.” The Journal of American History 74 (3): 959–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mir-Hosseini, Ziba. 1999. Islam and Gender: The Religious Debate in Contemporary Iran. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mir-Hosseini, Ziba. 2006. “Muslim Women's Quest for Equality: Between Islamic Law and Feminism.” Critical Inquiry 32 (4): 629–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moghadam, Valentine. 2003. Modernizing Women: Gender and Social Change in the Middle East. 2nd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moghadam, Valentine. 2009. Globalization and Social Movements: Islamism, Feminism, and the Global Justice Movement. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Mohamad, Maznah. 2009. “Islam and Family Legal Contests in Malaysia.” Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series no. 109. National University of Singapore.Google Scholar
Morgan, Kimberly. 2003. “Gender and the Welfare State: New Research on the Origins and Consequences of Social Policy Regimes.” Comparative Politics 34 (1): 105–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, Kimberly. 2006. Working Mothers and the Welfare State. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moustafa, Tamir. 2013. “Islamic Law, Women's Rights, and Popular Legal Consciousness on Malaysia.” Law and Social Inquiry 38 (1): 168–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Musawah. 2009. Home Truths. A Global Report on Equality in the Muslim Family. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia: Sisters in Islam.Google Scholar
Najmabadi, Afsaneh. 1991. “Hazards of Modernity and Morality: Women, State and Ideology in Contemporary Iran.” In Women, Islam, and the State, ed. Kandiyoti, Deniz. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 48–76 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neo, Jaclyn Ling-Chien. 2003. “‘Anti-God, Anti-Islam, and Anti-Quran’: Expanding the Range of Participants and Parameters in Discourse over Women's Rights and Islam in Malaysia.” Pacific Basin Law Journal 21: 29–74.Google Scholar
O'Connor, Julia S., Orloff, Ann Shola, and Shaver, Sheila. 1999. States, Markets, Families: Gender, Liberalism, and Social Policy in Australia, Canada, Great Britain and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okin, Susan Moller. 1989. Justice, Gender and the Family. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Olsen, Frances E. 1985. “The Myth of State Intervention in the Family.” University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform 18 (4): 835–43.Google Scholar
Othman, Norani, Anwar, Zainah, and Kasim, Zaitun Mohamed. 2005. “Malaysia: Islamization, Muslim Politics, and State Authoritarianism.” In Muslim Women and the Challenge of Islamic Extremism, ed. Othman, Norani. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia: Sisters in Islam.Google Scholar
Phillips, Roderick. 1988. Putting Asunder: A History of Divorce in Western Society. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Quraishi, Asifa. 2008. “Who Says Shari'a Demands the Stoning of Women? A Description of Islamic Law and Constitutionalism.” Berkeley Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Law 1 (1): 163–77.Google Scholar
Quraishi, Asifa. 2012. “The Separation of Powers in the Tradition of Islamic Statehood.” In Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries, ed. Grote, Rainer and Röder, Tilmann. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rawls, John. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawls, John. 1993. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Razavi, Shahra, and Jenichen, Anne. 2010. “The Unhappy Marriage of Religion and Politics: Problems and Pitfalls for Gender Equality.” Third World Quarterly 31 (6): 833–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhode, Deborah L. 1989. Justice and Gender: Sex Discrimination and the Law. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, Michael L. 2008. “Oil, Islam and Women.” American Political Science Review 102 (1): 107–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheve, Kenneth, and Stasavege, David. 2006a. “Religion and Preferences for Social Insurance.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 1 (3): 255–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheve, Kenneth, and Stasavege, David. 2006b. “The Political Economy of Religion and Social Insurance in the United States, 1910–1939.” Studies in American Political Development 20 (2): 132–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, Petra. 2005. “Family Law.” In History of Law in Japan since 1868, ed. Röhl, Wilhelm. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 262–304.Google Scholar
Schwedler, Jillian. 2011. “Can Islamists Become Moderates? Rethinking the Inclusion-Moderation Hypothesis.” World Politics 63 (2): 347–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sezgin, Yüksel. 2009. “Legal Unification and Nation Building in the Post-colonial World: A Comparison of Israel and India.” The Journal of Comparative Asian Development 8 (2): 273–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sezgin, Yüksel. 2011. “Women's Rights in the Triangle of State, Law, and Religion: A Comparison of Egypt and India.” Emory International Law Review 25: 1007–28.Google Scholar
Shachar, Ayelet. 2001. Multicultural Jurisdictions: Cultural Differences and Women's Rights. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shachar, Ayelet. 2008. “Privatizing Diversity: A Cautionary Tale from Religious Arbitration in Family Law.” Theoretical Inquiries in Law 9 (2): 573–607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singerman, Diane. 2005. “Rewriting Divorce in Egypt.” In Remaking Muslim Politics: Pluralism, Contestation, Democratization, ed. Hefner, Robert. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 161–88.Google Scholar
Stadelmann-Steffen, Isabelle, and Traunmüller, Richard. 2011. “Der religiöse Faktor in der Familienpolitik. Ein empirischer Test klassischer und neuerer Ansätze im Vergleich von 27 OECD-Ländern.” Zeitschrift für Sozialreform 57 (4): 383–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stark, Rodney, and Iannaccone, Laurence R.. 1994. “A Supply-Side Reinterpretation of the ‘Secularization’ of Europe.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 33 (3): 230–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stepan, Alfred. 2001. Arguing Comparative Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strach, Patricia. 2006. “The Politics of Family.” Polity 38 (2): 151–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, Gwynn. 2011. Contesting Legitimacy in Chile: Familial Ideals, Citizenship, and Political Struggle, 1970–1990. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Traunmüller, Richard, and Freitag, Markus. 2011. “State Support of Religion: Making or Breaking Faith-Based Social Capital?” Comparative Politics 43 (3): 253–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tripp, Aili Mari, Casimiro, Isabel, Kwesiga, Joy, and Mungwa, Alice. 2009. African Women's Movements: Transforming Political Landscapes. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tucker, Judith E. 1998. In the House of the Law: Gender and Islamic Law in Ottoman Syria and Palestine. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tucker, Judith E. 2008. Women, Family and Gender in Islamic Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogel, Ursula. 1998. “The State and the Making of Gender: Some Historical Legacies.” In Gender, Politics and the State, ed. Randall, Vicky and Waylen, Georgina. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and Society. Ed. Roth, Guenther and Wittich, Claus. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Weldon, S. Laurel. 2011. When Protest Makes Policy: How Social Movements Represent Disadvantaged Groups. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Wickham, Carrie Rosefsky. 2004. “The Path to Moderation: Strategy and Learning in the Formation of Egypt's Wasat Party.” Comparative Politics 36 (2): 205–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Rina Verna. 2006. Postcolonial Politics and Personal Laws: Colonial Legal Legacies and the Indian State. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Women Living Under Muslim Laws (WLUML). 2006. Knowing Our Rights: Women, Family, Laws and Customs in the Muslim World. 3rd ed. London: WLUML.Google Scholar
Womenwatch. 2013: “Declarations, Reservations, and Objections to CEDAW. http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/reservations-country.htm (accessed June 5, 2015).Google Scholar
Wooldridge, Jeffrey M. 2010. Economic Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2012. World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Htun and Weldon supplementary material

Htun and Weldon supplementary material 1

Download Htun and Weldon supplementary material(File)
File 32.1 KB